Nurse Soc Digestive System Flashcards
Various secretion are released into the alimentary tract in digestion, those that are secreted outside the tract are known as what
Accessory organs
What are accessory organs in digestion
These are the glands that secrete outside of the alimentary tract
What are the five digestive processes
- Ingestion
- Propulsion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
The alimentary canal and the accessory organs make up what system
The digestive system
How does the trachea having c shaped cartilages help the process of digestion
If means that the esophagus can pass the bonus through as the oesophagus sits behind the trachea
What is propulsion
Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract
What is ingestion
Taking food into the GI tract
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is known as what digestive process
Digestion
Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination collectively are known as the what
Digestive processes
Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract is known as what digestive process
Propulsion
Taking food into the GI tract is known as what part of the digestive process
Ingestion
What is elimination
Food that cannot be absorbed is excreted
What are the accessory organs of digestion
3 pairs of salivary glands
The pancreas
The liver and biliary tract
The food that cannot be absorbed and is excreted is known as which digestive process
Elimination
The products of digestion that pass into the bloodstream is known as what digestive process
Absorption
Can you name the seven organs of the digestive system
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum and anal canal
What is digestion
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
What is absorption
Products of digestion pass into the bloodstream
Three pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas and the liver and biliary tract are known as what type of organs in their role in digestion and why are they called this
Known as accessory organs as they secrete outside the alimentary tract
When food is in your mouth what type of breakdown is this
Physical breakdown in chewing food
When saliva is released in the mouth by the salivary glands, what enzyme is released
Amalyse
What does amalyse help to break down
Carbohydrates
When you swallow your food where will it pass down next
The gullet/oesophagus
What are the three functions of the stomach
- Contracts muscular walls to push and move food around
- Produces enzyme pepsin that breaks down protein
- Produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin
What does organs contracts its walls to push food around, produces pepsin and produces hydrochloric acid
The stomach
Which enzyme does the stomach produce
Pepsin
What does pepsin break down
Protein
Protein is broken down by which enzyme and where is this enzyme made
Broken down by pepsin which is produced in the stomach
What is the name of the organ which produces hydrochloric acid
The stomach
What is the role of hydrochloric acid
Kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin
After the oesophagus where does the food go to next
The stomach
After the stomach the food is squeezed into where
The small intestine
Once the food is squeezed into the small intestine what will happen to the digested food
It is absorbed into the blood stream
In what organ does most of digestion take place
The small intestine
Which organ makes most of the digestive enzymes
The pancreas
The pancreas pushes enzymes into the small intestine via what
Pancreatic juices
What organ releases bile into the small intestine
Gall bladder
What is the role of bile
Neutralise acid from the acid so it is better for enzymes and breaks down big bits of fat into smaller droplets
Where is bile made
Liver
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
Bile is released into which organ
The small intestine
Once food is small enough it is absorbed across the lining of what, into where
Absorbed across the lining of the small intestine to the blood stream
What are the three adaptations that the lining of small intestine contain which helps with absorption of food
- Contain villi to increase surface area
- Dingle layer of surface cells for shirt diffusion
- Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
After absorption where does the left over food pass into
The large intestine
What is the role of the large intestine
To absorbe the left over water
What are the four functions of saliva
- chemical digestion of amalyse
- lubrication of food
- cleaning and lubrication of mouth
- defence and taste
What are the two salivary enzymes
Amylase and lysozyme
Amalyse and lysozyme are the enzymes of what
The saliva
The pharynx is divided into which three parts
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
The nasopharyx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, make up the what
Pharynx
Out of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which one does not have a role in digestion
Nasopharynx
Food comes from the oral cavity and then passes through the what
Pharynx
After the pharynx where will the food pass to
The oesophagus
Once food gets to the pharynx is swallowing voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
Do the outer layers of pharynx consist of voluntary or involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles
Why does the oesophagus curve before entering the stomach
To prevent back flow
What part of the body curves before entering the stomach
The oesophagus
What is the role of the upper oesophageal sphincter
To prevent air entering the oesophagus during inhalation
What does the lower oesophageal sphincter prevent
Reflux of acid into oesophagus
How does food move done the oesophagus
By peristalsis
The lower oesophageal sphincter prevents air entering the oesophagus during inhalation. True or false
False, it prevents acid reflux
Out of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter, which one prevents flux of acid into the oesophagus
Lower oesophageal
What are the three regions of the stomach
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
What is chyme
Once the bonus of food has been mixed with water, gastric juices etc we call it chyme
The fundus, body and pylorus are the three regions of the what
The stomach
What guards the poring between the stomach and duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
What does the pyloric sphincter guard
The opening between stomach and duodenum
In what region of the stomach would you find the pyloric sphicter
In the pylorus
How does the stomach mechanically break down the bolus
The gastric muscles generate a churning the breaks down the bolus
What are the folds in the stomach called
The rugae
What is the part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum of small intestine
The pyloric sphincter
What are the five gastric juices
- Water
- Hydrochloric acid
- Pepsins
- Intrinsic factor
- Mucus
Water, hydrochloric acid, pepsins, intrinsic factor and mucus are all components of the what
Gastric juices
What is waters role as a part of the gastric juices
Further liquefies the food swallowed
What is hydrochloric acids three roles as part of the gastric juices
Acidifies the food to stop action of amylase.
Kills microbes
Provides acidic environment of pepsin
What are pepsins are what do they do
They are enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules
Do pepsins work in a high ph or a low ph
Act in a low ph, very acidic
What is the intrinsic factor in the gastric juices necessary for
For absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
What is needed for the necessary absorption of B12 in the ileum
Intrinsic factor which is one of the gastric juices
What are mucus role in the stomach
- Prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents
- barrier between the stomach wall and acidic juices, protects the stomach
What is the name of the thing which prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents and it acts as a barrier between stomach wall and acidic juices
Mucus
What is the name of the enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules
Pepsins
What are the six functions of the stomach
- Temporary storage
- Chemical digestion
- Mechanical breakdown
- Some absorption
- Non specific defence against microbes
- Production and secretion of intrinsic factor
What do chief cells secrete and what is this
Secrete pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin
What is the inactive form of pepsin called
Pepsinogen
What cells secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells
What is absorbed in the stomach
Water, alcohol and some lipid- soluble drugs
Temporary storage, chemical digestion, mechanical breakdown, some absorption, non specific defence against microbes and production and secretion of intrinsic factors are the functions of which organ
The stomach
What are the ways which the stomach defends against microbes
Hydrochloric acid and vomiting
What are the three phases of gastric juice secretion
- Cephalon phase
- Gastric phase
- Intestinal phase
Cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase all make up the phases of what
Gastric juice secretion
What is the cephalic phase of the gastric juice secretion
The flow of juice before the food reaches the stomach
What is the gastric phase of the gastric juice secretion
When food is present gastric is secreted which stimulates gastric glands to produce more gastric juice
What is the intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion
When the chyme reaches the small intestine secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility
What is the phase called where the chyme reaches the small intestine and secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice
Intestinal phase
In the intestinal phase what two things are secreted and what do these do
Secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility
What organ follows the stomach in digestion
Small intestine
What are the three components of the small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Illeum
What is the middle section of the small intestine called
The jejunum
What is the end section of the small intestine called
The ileum
What is the section of the small intestine called where secretions from gallbladder and pancreas are released
Duodenum
What happens int the suodenum section of the small intestine
Where secretions form the gallbladder and pancreas are released
What is the role of ileocecal valve
Controls flow of material from ileum to cecum
What increases the small intestine surface area
Villi and microvilli
What are the names of the cells which secrete mucosa
Goblet cells
Goblet cells secret what
Secrete mucosa
What neutralise stomach acid in the small intestine
Intestinal juices
Duodenum, jejunum and illeum are all sections of what
Small intestine
What are the names of the enzymes which digeste carbohydrates
- Salivary amalyse
- Pancreatic amylase
- Maltase
What are the names of the enzymes which break down proteins
- Pepsin
- Trypsin
- Peptidases
What enzymes break down fat
Lipase
What enzymes break down nucleic acid
- Nuclease
2. Nucleosidases
Pepsin, trypsin and peptidases are enzymes which breakdown what
Proteins
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and, maltase all break down what
Carbohydrates
Nuclease and nucleosidases break down what
Nucleic acid digestion
Lipase breaks down what
Fat
Where is salivary amalyse produced
Salivary glands
Where is pancreatic amylase produced
Pancreas
Where is maltase produced
Small intestine
Where is pepsin produced
Gastric glands
Where is trypsin produced
Pancreas
Where is peptidases produced
Small intestine
Where is nuclease produced
Pancreas
Where is nucleosidases produced
Pancreas
Where is lapis produced
Pancreas
The pancreas produces what digestive enzymes
Pancreatic amylase Trypsin Nuclease Nucleosidases Lipase
Where is the pancreatic amylase released
Small intestine
Where is maltase released
Small intestine
Where is pepsin released
Stomach
Where is trypsin and peptidases released
Small intestine
The nuclease, nucleosidases and lipase are all released where
Small intestine
The small intestine releases what enzymes
Pancreatic amylase Maltase Trypsin Peptidases Nuclease Nucleosidases Lipase
What are carbohydrates broken down into
Monosaccharides
What are proteins broken down into
Amino acids
What are fats broken down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
In the small intestine what is three things ischyme mixed with for chemical digestion
- Pancreatic juice
- bile
- Intestinal juice
Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of what
Fats
Monosaccharides are the products of what
Carbohydrates
Amino acids are the products of what
Proteins
What does the pancreatic juice do in the small intestine
Neutralises ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes, amalyse and lipase work effectively
What neutralises the ph of chyme in the small intestine and what does this allow for
Pancreatic juice neutralises the ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes can work effectively
What does bile do
Emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin
What liquid emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin
Bile
Where is the caecum found
Large intestine
What does the caecum do in the large intestine
Absorbs remaining fluid and salt
Where in the large intestine is remaining fluid and salts absorbed
The caecum
The colon is divided into how many sections
4
What are the four sections of the colon called
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
- Sigmoid
What is the function of the colon
Colon reabsorbed fluid and prepares waster for excretion
What part of the large intestine reabsorbed flui and prepares waste for excretion
The colon
What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin and absorbed where
The large intestine
What is the function of the rectum
To store faeces
Where is faeces stored
In the rectum
The anal canal leads from where to where
From rectum to exterior
How many musclular sphincters does the rectal canal have
2
What are the two muscular sphincters of the anal canal called
Internal anal sphicter and external anal sphicter
How many lobes does the liver have
4
What are the four lobes of the liver called
- Right
- Left
- Caudate
- Quad rate
The right, left, caudate and quadrate make up the lobes of the what
The liver
The liver recives its blood and nutrients from what two sources
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
Is the hepatic artery going towards or away from the heart
Away
The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein supply what organ which blood
The liver
What is the livers main function
To filter blood
Where does the liver receive blood from
The hepatic artery
What artery bring the blood to the liver
The hepatic artery
Where does the hepatic portal vein bring blood to the liver from
From the intestines
Blood from the intestines contains what
Carbohydrates and fats absorbed from your food
After the small intestines have absorbed your nutrients from your food, where does this get sent to
The liver
The liver breaks down carbohydrates and converts them to what, and what does the body use these for
Breaks down carbohydrates or sugars for the body to use as energy
What does the liver do which excess sugars
Liver stores them for the future
When the liver recieves blood that has toxins in, what does it do with the toxins
Converts a useless or toxic substance into a product that can’t hurt the body or it isolates it and sends it to the kidneys to be excretes
What organ either converts toxic substances into useful ones or sends it to be excreted to the kidneys
The liver
What are the five things which the liver makes
- Blood plasma proteins
- Cholesterol
- Vitamin D
- Substances that help digestion
- Bile
Blood plasma proteins, cholesterol, vitamin d, substances that help digestion and bile are all made where
The liver
What do blood plasma proteins do
Transport fatty acids and help form blood clots
The liver uses called called what to convert toxic waste product into bile
Hepatocytes
What are hepatocytes and what do they do
Bells that convert toxic waste product into bile
Bile is stored in the gallbladder, where does it gap from here
Trickles down into the intestines
What are lobes made out of
Lobules
Sinusoids contain blood from where
Portal vein and hepatic artery
What type of cells ingest and destroy worn out blood cells and foreign particles present in blood
Kupffer cells
What do kupffer cells do
Ingest and destroy worm out blood cells and foreign particles in the blood
What are kupffer cells also known as
Hepatic macrophages
Blood drain s from the sinusoids into where, which will eventually join to form what
Blood drains from the sinusoids into the central veins which will eventually form hepatic veins
Where do bile ducts run through in the liver lobules
Bile ducts runs through the hepatocytes
The bile canaliculi join up in the liver lobule forming what
Left and right hepatic ducts
How does bile drain out from the liver
Through hepatic ducts
What are hepatic lobules
Hepatocytes cells which are surrounded by the portal triad
Hepatocyte cells that are surrounded by the portal triad are known as what
Hepatic lobules
The portal triad contains what three things
- Portal vein
- Hepatic artery
- Bile duct
The portal vein, hepatic aretery and bile duct are all collectively known as the what
Portal triad
What is in the center of a hepatic lobule
The central vein which will join to form the hepatic vein
In the hepatic lobule, where does the blood collect after it extracts nutrients and oxygen
The central vein
the central vein in the hepatic lobule will collect what
Blood after it has extracted nutrients and oxygen
By getting nutrient rich blood to enter the hepatic lobule, what does this mean for the hepatocytes
They can extract nutrients
How do liver cells/ hepatocytes extract nutrients from the blood
Blood enters the hepatic lobule where hepatocyte cells are surrounded by the portal triad which extract the the nutrients, after which the blood is collected in the central vein
What are the two forms of breakdown during digestion
Mechanical and chemical
What is the function of the kupffer cell
Engulf pathogens
Name a hormone secreted but he pancreas
Insulin, glucagon
What is the function of the gall bladder
Store bile
What structures make up the hepatic triad
Hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic portal vein
Where are faeces stored
Rectum
What is the first part of the large intestine
Cecum
What sphicter prevents acid reflux into the oesophagus
Lower oesophageal sphincter
What are the functions of secretin and cholecystokinin
Slow down the secretion of your gastric juices
What motion moves food through the gastrointestinal tract
Peristalsis
What are the six functions of the liver
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Fat metabolism
- Protein metabolism
- Breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes
- Detoxification of drugs and toxic substances
- Inactivation of hormones
What is fat metabolism are where does it happen
Happen in the liver and is where stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues
When stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues what is this called
Fat metabolism
Where does protein metabolsim occur
In the liver
What is protein metabolsim
The Deamination, transamination, synthesis of plasma proetins
Deamination, trasamination and synthesis of plasma proetins is known as what process
Protein metab
Where does the breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes happen in the body
The liver
Where in your body would the inactivation of hormones be
The liver
The liver is responsible for what three types of metabolsim
Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolsim
The liver is also used for storage, what does is store
Fat soluble substances, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins, iron, copper, some water soluble vitamins
Insulin and glucagon are produced where
Pancreas
What are the names of the specialised cells which have no ducts and are distributed throughout the pancreas and allow for hormones to diffuse directly into the blood
Pancreatic islets of langerhans
What do the islets of langerhans in the pancreas allow for
Hormones produced s to diffuse directly into the blood
The pancreas has lots of lobules which are made up of what
Acini
What is the role of the exocrines role of the pancreas
To produce enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Which gland is responsible for producing enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
The pancreas
