Nurse Soc Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Various secretion are released into the alimentary tract in digestion, those that are secreted outside the tract are known as what
A
Accessory organs
3
Q
What are accessory organs in digestion
A
These are the glands that secrete outside of the alimentary tract
4
Q
What are the five digestive processes
A
- Ingestion
- Propulsion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
5
Q
The alimentary canal and the accessory organs make up what system
A
The digestive system
6
Q
How does the trachea having c shaped cartilages help the process of digestion
A
If means that the esophagus can pass the bonus through as the oesophagus sits behind the trachea
7
Q
What is propulsion
A
Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract
10
Q
What is ingestion
A
Taking food into the GI tract
11
Q
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is known as what digestive process
A
Digestion
13
Q
Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination collectively are known as the what
A
Digestive processes
14
Q
Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract is known as what digestive process
A
Propulsion
15
Q
Taking food into the GI tract is known as what part of the digestive process
A
Ingestion
16
Q
What is elimination
A
Food that cannot be absorbed is excreted
17
Q
What are the accessory organs of digestion
A
3 pairs of salivary glands
The pancreas
The liver and biliary tract
18
Q
The food that cannot be absorbed and is excreted is known as which digestive process
A
Elimination
19
Q
The products of digestion that pass into the bloodstream is known as what digestive process
A
Absorption
20
Q
Can you name the seven organs of the digestive system
A
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum and anal canal
22
Q
What is digestion
A
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
23
Q
What is absorption
A
Products of digestion pass into the bloodstream
27
Q
Three pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas and the liver and biliary tract are known as what type of organs in their role in digestion and why are they called this
A
Known as accessory organs as they secrete outside the alimentary tract
28
Q
When food is in your mouth what type of breakdown is this
A
Physical breakdown in chewing food
29
Q
When saliva is released in the mouth by the salivary glands, what enzyme is released
A
Amalyse
30
Q
What does amalyse help to break down
A
Carbohydrates
31
Q
When you swallow your food where will it pass down next
A
The gullet/oesophagus
32
Q
What are the three functions of the stomach
A
- Contracts muscular walls to push and move food around
- Produces enzyme pepsin that breaks down protein
- Produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin
33
What does organs contracts its walls to push food around, produces pepsin and produces hydrochloric acid
The stomach
34
Which enzyme does the stomach produce
Pepsin
35
What does pepsin break down
Protein
36
Protein is broken down by which enzyme and where is this enzyme made
Broken down by pepsin which is produced in the stomach
37
What is the name of the organ which produces hydrochloric acid
The stomach
38
What is the role of hydrochloric acid
Kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin
39
After the oesophagus where does the food go to next
The stomach
40
After the stomach the food is squeezed into where
The small intestine
41
Once the food is squeezed into the small intestine what will happen to the digested food
It is absorbed into the blood stream
42
In what organ does most of digestion take place
The small intestine
43
Which organ makes most of the digestive enzymes
The pancreas
44
The pancreas pushes enzymes into the small intestine via what
Pancreatic juices
45
What organ releases bile into the small intestine
Gall bladder
46
What is the role of bile
Neutralise acid from the acid so it is better for enzymes and breaks down big bits of fat into smaller droplets
47
Where is bile made
Liver
48
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
49
Bile is released into which organ
The small intestine
50
Once food is small enough it is absorbed across the lining of what, into where
Absorbed across the lining of the small intestine to the blood stream
51
What are the three adaptations that the lining of small intestine contain which helps with absorption of food
1. Contain villi to increase surface area
2. Dingle layer of surface cells for shirt diffusion
3. Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
52
After absorption where does the left over food pass into
The large intestine
53
What is the role of the large intestine
To absorbe the left over water
54
What are the four functions of saliva
- chemical digestion of amalyse
- lubrication of food
- cleaning and lubrication of mouth
- defence and taste
55
What are the two salivary enzymes
Amylase and lysozyme
56
Amalyse and lysozyme are the enzymes of what
The saliva
57
The pharynx is divided into which three parts
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
58
The nasopharyx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, make up the what
Pharynx
59
Out of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which one does not have a role in digestion
Nasopharynx
60
Food comes from the oral cavity and then passes through the what
Pharynx
61
After the pharynx where will the food pass to
The oesophagus
62
Once food gets to the pharynx is swallowing voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
63
Do the outer layers of pharynx consist of voluntary or involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles
64
Why does the oesophagus curve before entering the stomach
To prevent back flow
65
What part of the body curves before entering the stomach
The oesophagus
66
What is the role of the upper oesophageal sphincter
To prevent air entering the oesophagus during inhalation
67
What does the lower oesophageal sphincter prevent
Reflux of acid into oesophagus
68
How does food move done the oesophagus
By peristalsis
69
The lower oesophageal sphincter prevents air entering the oesophagus during inhalation. True or false
False, it prevents acid reflux
70
Out of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter, which one prevents flux of acid into the oesophagus
Lower oesophageal
71
What are the three regions of the stomach
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Pylorus
72
What is chyme
Once the bonus of food has been mixed with water, gastric juices etc we call it chyme
73
The fundus, body and pylorus are the three regions of the what
The stomach
74
What guards the poring between the stomach and duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
75
What does the pyloric sphincter guard
The opening between stomach and duodenum
76
In what region of the stomach would you find the pyloric sphicter
In the pylorus
77
How does the stomach mechanically break down the bolus
The gastric muscles generate a churning the breaks down the bolus
78
What are the folds in the stomach called
The rugae
79
What is the part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum of small intestine
The pyloric sphincter
80
What are the five gastric juices
1. Water
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Pepsins
4. Intrinsic factor
5. Mucus
81
Water, hydrochloric acid, pepsins, intrinsic factor and mucus are all components of the what
Gastric juices
82
What is waters role as a part of the gastric juices
Further liquefies the food swallowed
83
What is hydrochloric acids three roles as part of the gastric juices
Acidifies the food to stop action of amylase.
Kills microbes
Provides acidic environment of pepsin
84
What are pepsins are what do they do
They are enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules
85
Do pepsins work in a high ph or a low ph
Act in a low ph, very acidic
86
What is the intrinsic factor in the gastric juices necessary for
For absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
87
What is needed for the necessary absorption of B12 in the ileum
Intrinsic factor which is one of the gastric juices
88
What are mucus role in the stomach
- Prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents
- barrier between the stomach wall and acidic juices, protects the stomach
89
What is the name of the thing which prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents and it acts as a barrier between stomach wall and acidic juices
Mucus
90
What is the name of the enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules
Pepsins
91
What are the six functions of the stomach
1. Temporary storage
2. Chemical digestion
3. Mechanical breakdown
4. Some absorption
5. Non specific defence against microbes
6. Production and secretion of intrinsic factor
92
What do chief cells secrete and what is this
Secrete pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin
93
What is the inactive form of pepsin called
Pepsinogen
94
What cells secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells
95
What is absorbed in the stomach
Water, alcohol and some lipid- soluble drugs
96
Temporary storage, chemical digestion, mechanical breakdown, some absorption, non specific defence against microbes and production and secretion of intrinsic factors are the functions of which organ
The stomach
97
What are the ways which the stomach defends against microbes
Hydrochloric acid and vomiting
98
What are the three phases of gastric juice secretion
1. Cephalon phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase
99
Cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase all make up the phases of what
Gastric juice secretion
100
What is the cephalic phase of the gastric juice secretion
The flow of juice before the food reaches the stomach
101
What is the gastric phase of the gastric juice secretion
When food is present gastric is secreted which stimulates gastric glands to produce more gastric juice
102
What is the intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion
When the chyme reaches the small intestine secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility
103
What is the phase called where the chyme reaches the small intestine and secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice
Intestinal phase
104
In the intestinal phase what two things are secreted and what do these do
Secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility
105
What organ follows the stomach in digestion
Small intestine
106
What are the three components of the small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Illeum
107
What is the middle section of the small intestine called
The jejunum
108
What is the end section of the small intestine called
The ileum
109
What is the section of the small intestine called where secretions from gallbladder and pancreas are released
Duodenum
110
What happens int the suodenum section of the small intestine
Where secretions form the gallbladder and pancreas are released
111
What is the role of ileocecal valve
Controls flow of material from ileum to cecum
112
What increases the small intestine surface area
Villi and microvilli
113
What are the names of the cells which secrete mucosa
Goblet cells
114
Goblet cells secret what
Secrete mucosa
115
What neutralise stomach acid in the small intestine
Intestinal juices
116
Duodenum, jejunum and illeum are all sections of what
Small intestine
117
What are the names of the enzymes which digeste carbohydrates
1. Salivary amalyse
2. Pancreatic amylase
3. Maltase
118
What are the names of the enzymes which break down proteins
1. Pepsin
2. Trypsin
3. Peptidases
119
What enzymes break down fat
Lipase
120
What enzymes break down nucleic acid
1. Nuclease
| 2. Nucleosidases
121
Pepsin, trypsin and peptidases are enzymes which breakdown what
Proteins
122
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and, maltase all break down what
Carbohydrates
123
Nuclease and nucleosidases break down what
Nucleic acid digestion
124
Lipase breaks down what
Fat
125
Where is salivary amalyse produced
Salivary glands
126
Where is pancreatic amylase produced
Pancreas
127
Where is maltase produced
Small intestine
128
Where is pepsin produced
Gastric glands
129
Where is trypsin produced
Pancreas
130
Where is peptidases produced
Small intestine
131
Where is nuclease produced
Pancreas
132
Where is nucleosidases produced
Pancreas
133
Where is lapis produced
Pancreas
134
The pancreas produces what digestive enzymes
```
Pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Nuclease
Nucleosidases
Lipase
```
135
Where is the pancreatic amylase released
Small intestine
136
Where is maltase released
Small intestine
137
Where is pepsin released
Stomach
138
Where is trypsin and peptidases released
Small intestine
139
The nuclease, nucleosidases and lipase are all released where
Small intestine
140
The small intestine releases what enzymes
```
Pancreatic amylase
Maltase
Trypsin
Peptidases
Nuclease
Nucleosidases
Lipase
```
141
What are carbohydrates broken down into
Monosaccharides
142
What are proteins broken down into
Amino acids
143
What are fats broken down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
144
In the small intestine what is three things ischyme mixed with for chemical digestion
1. Pancreatic juice
2. bile
3. Intestinal juice
145
Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of what
Fats
146
Monosaccharides are the products of what
Carbohydrates
147
Amino acids are the products of what
Proteins
148
What does the pancreatic juice do in the small intestine
Neutralises ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes, amalyse and lipase work effectively
149
What neutralises the ph of chyme in the small intestine and what does this allow for
Pancreatic juice neutralises the ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes can work effectively
150
What does bile do
Emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin
151
What liquid emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin
Bile
152
Where is the caecum found
Large intestine
153
What does the caecum do in the large intestine
Absorbs remaining fluid and salt
154
Where in the large intestine is remaining fluid and salts absorbed
The caecum
155
The colon is divided into how many sections
4
156
What are the four sections of the colon called
1. Ascending
2. Transverse
3. Descending
4. Sigmoid
157
What is the function of the colon
Colon reabsorbed fluid and prepares waster for excretion
158
What part of the large intestine reabsorbed flui and prepares waste for excretion
The colon
159
What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin
160
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin and absorbed where
The large intestine
161
What is the function of the rectum
To store faeces
162
Where is faeces stored
In the rectum
163
The anal canal leads from where to where
From rectum to exterior
164
How many musclular sphincters does the rectal canal have
2
165
What are the two muscular sphincters of the anal canal called
Internal anal sphicter and external anal sphicter
166
How many lobes does the liver have
4
167
What are the four lobes of the liver called
1. Right
2. Left
3. Caudate
4. Quad rate
168
The right, left, caudate and quadrate make up the lobes of the what
The liver
169
The liver recives its blood and nutrients from what two sources
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
170
Is the hepatic artery going towards or away from the heart
Away
171
The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein supply what organ which blood
The liver
172
What is the livers main function
To filter blood
173
Where does the liver receive blood from
The hepatic artery
174
What artery bring the blood to the liver
The hepatic artery
175
Where does the hepatic portal vein bring blood to the liver from
From the intestines
176
Blood from the intestines contains what
Carbohydrates and fats absorbed from your food
177
After the small intestines have absorbed your nutrients from your food, where does this get sent to
The liver
178
The liver breaks down carbohydrates and converts them to what, and what does the body use these for
Breaks down carbohydrates or sugars for the body to use as energy
179
What does the liver do which excess sugars
Liver stores them for the future
180
When the liver recieves blood that has toxins in, what does it do with the toxins
Converts a useless or toxic substance into a product that can’t hurt the body or it isolates it and sends it to the kidneys to be excretes
181
What organ either converts toxic substances into useful ones or sends it to be excreted to the kidneys
The liver
182
What are the five things which the liver makes
1. Blood plasma proteins
2. Cholesterol
3. Vitamin D
4. Substances that help digestion
5. Bile
183
Blood plasma proteins, cholesterol, vitamin d, substances that help digestion and bile are all made where
The liver
184
What do blood plasma proteins do
Transport fatty acids and help form blood clots
185
The liver uses called called what to convert toxic waste product into bile
Hepatocytes
186
What are hepatocytes and what do they do
Bells that convert toxic waste product into bile
187
Bile is stored in the gallbladder, where does it gap from here
Trickles down into the intestines
188
What are lobes made out of
Lobules
189
Sinusoids contain blood from where
Portal vein and hepatic artery
190
What type of cells ingest and destroy worn out blood cells and foreign particles present in blood
Kupffer cells
191
What do kupffer cells do
Ingest and destroy worm out blood cells and foreign particles in the blood
192
What are kupffer cells also known as
Hepatic macrophages
193
Blood drain s from the sinusoids into where, which will eventually join to form what
Blood drains from the sinusoids into the central veins which will eventually form hepatic veins
194
Where do bile ducts run through in the liver lobules
Bile ducts runs through the hepatocytes
195
The bile canaliculi join up in the liver lobule forming what
Left and right hepatic ducts
196
How does bile drain out from the liver
Through hepatic ducts
197
What are hepatic lobules
Hepatocytes cells which are surrounded by the portal triad
198
Hepatocyte cells that are surrounded by the portal triad are known as what
Hepatic lobules
199
The portal triad contains what three things
1. Portal vein
2. Hepatic artery
3. Bile duct
200
The portal vein, hepatic aretery and bile duct are all collectively known as the what
Portal triad
201
What is in the center of a hepatic lobule
The central vein which will join to form the hepatic vein
202
In the hepatic lobule, where does the blood collect after it extracts nutrients and oxygen
The central vein
203
the central vein in the hepatic lobule will collect what
Blood after it has extracted nutrients and oxygen
204
By getting nutrient rich blood to enter the hepatic lobule, what does this mean for the hepatocytes
They can extract nutrients
205
How do liver cells/ hepatocytes extract nutrients from the blood
Blood enters the hepatic lobule where hepatocyte cells are surrounded by the portal triad which extract the the nutrients, after which the blood is collected in the central vein
206
What are the two forms of breakdown during digestion
Mechanical and chemical
207
What is the function of the kupffer cell
Engulf pathogens
208
Name a hormone secreted but he pancreas
Insulin, glucagon
209
What is the function of the gall bladder
Store bile
210
What structures make up the hepatic triad
Hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic portal vein
211
Where are faeces stored
Rectum
212
What is the first part of the large intestine
Cecum
213
What sphicter prevents acid reflux into the oesophagus
Lower oesophageal sphincter
214
What are the functions of secretin and cholecystokinin
Slow down the secretion of your gastric juices
215
What motion moves food through the gastrointestinal tract
Peristalsis
216
What are the six functions of the liver
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
2. Fat metabolism
3. Protein metabolism
4. Breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes
5. Detoxification of drugs and toxic substances
6. Inactivation of hormones
217
What is fat metabolism are where does it happen
Happen in the liver and is where stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues
218
When stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues what is this called
Fat metabolism
219
Where does protein metabolsim occur
In the liver
220
What is protein metabolsim
The Deamination, transamination, synthesis of plasma proetins
221
Deamination, trasamination and synthesis of plasma proetins is known as what process
Protein metab
222
Where does the breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes happen in the body
The liver
223
Where in your body would the inactivation of hormones be
The liver
224
The liver is responsible for what three types of metabolsim
Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolsim
225
The liver is also used for storage, what does is store
Fat soluble substances, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins, iron, copper, some water soluble vitamins
226
Insulin and glucagon are produced where
Pancreas
227
What are the names of the specialised cells which have no ducts and are distributed throughout the pancreas and allow for hormones to diffuse directly into the blood
Pancreatic islets of langerhans
228
What do the islets of langerhans in the pancreas allow for
Hormones produced s to diffuse directly into the blood
229
The pancreas has lots of lobules which are made up of what
Acini
230
What is the role of the exocrines role of the pancreas
To produce enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
231
Which gland is responsible for producing enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
The pancreas
