cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
what are the two anatomically systems of blood vessels which the heart pumps blood into
A
the pulmonary circulation
the systemic cirucultion
2
Q
the right side of the heart pumps blood where
A
to the lungs
3
Q
when the blood is pumped to the lungs, what occurs here
A
gas exchange occurs in the lungs
4
Q
which side of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation
A
the left side
5
Q
tissue wastes are passed into the blood for excretion and body cells extract nutrients and oxygen, which system of blood vessels is this refering to
A
the systemic circulation
6
Q
what are the smaller branches of arteries called
A
arterioles
7
Q
arteries and arterioles carry blood to or away from the heart
A
away from the heart
8
Q
arterioles branch into networks of what
A
capillaries
9
Q
why are the caipllaries good for exchange
A
thin walls
10
Q
what exchanges take place in the capillaries, and what exchange happens where components leave the capillaries
A
nutrients, water, oxygen diffuse into the cappiaries
cellular wasts such as carbon dioxide diffuse into the bloodstream
11
Q
capillaries merge to form what
A
small venules
12
Q
capillaries merge to form small venules, these then merge to form what
A
large veins
13
Q
do veins carry blood to or away the heart
A
to the heart
14
Q
how many layers of tissue do both the arteries and veins display
A
3 layers
15
Q
what are the three layers of tissue in the veins and arteries
A
tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima
16
Q
the tunica media is the outer layer of the tissue of the veins and arteries, true or false
A
false, the tunica adventitia is the outer layer
17
Q
what is the role of the tunica adventitia
A
protects and supports the vessel
18
Q
what layer is the tunica media and what does it contain
A
middle layer which contains variable amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
19
Q
how many cells thick is the tunica intima
A
one cell thick
20
Q
what layer is the tunica intima
A
the inner layer
21
Q
the tunica intima is also known as what
A
the endothelium
22
Q
what layer of the veins and arteritues, is the only layer present in cappilary walls
A
the tunica intima
23
Q
why are arterial walls thicker than venous walls
A
to withstad the higher pressure of blood in the arterial system
24
Q
the structure of artieal walls varies, it depends on what
A
how close the artery is to the heart
25
by the tunica media containg more elastic tissue and little smooth muscle. what does this allow for
allows the vessel walls to stretch, absorbing the pressure wave generated by the heart as it beats
26
the tunica media consitis almost entirley of which type of muscle
smooth muscle
27
systemic blood pressure is mainly determined by what
determined by the resistance smaller artiers offer to blood flow
28
what are anastomsos
arteries that form a link between the main arterites supplying an areas
29
if one artey supplying the area is blocked, what will the anastomic arteries provie and what will this do
they will provide a collateral circulation which will provide an adequate blood supply, giving the anastomtic artiers time to dialate
30
what is an end artery
an artery that is the sole source of blood to a tissue
31
is there an alternative blood supply if an end-artery is blocked
no, the tissues it supplies will die as there is no alternate blood supply
32
the smallest arterioles will branch into huge numbers of what
capillaries
33
capilarillary walls consist of how many layers of endothelial cells
one single layer
34
capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, these sit on what
a thin basement membrane
35
are capilliary walls permable or non permaeable, and if so what to
permeable to water and other small molecules
36
why is capillary diameter much larger in the liver
rapid and extenive exchange of materiel is very important to allow the liver to modify the composition of the blood flowing through it
37
what is the site of exchange for substances between blood and tissue fluid
capillary bed
38
what are sinusoids
type of capillary, their walls are incomplete and their lumen is much larger than usual, blood flows through them much more slowly under less pressure and can come directly into conact with the cells outside the sinusoid wall
39
when an area of skin in pressed firmly with a finger, why does it turn white
becuase the blood in the capillaries under the finger has been squeezed out
40
blood passing into the venous system is high pressure. true or false
false, blood passing into the venous system does so under very low pressure
41
when cut veins will collapse, what will the thicker walled arteries do
remain open
42
some veins possess valvues, what is this for
to prevent backflow
43
valvues are formed by a fold of the what
formed by a fold of tunica
44
how are valvues strenghtened
strenghted by connective tissue
45
what shape are the valves
semilunar
46
why are valves abuent in the veins of the limbs, particulary the lower limbs
becuase bloos must travel a considerable distance against grvaity when the indivdual is standing
47
why are veins called capacitance vessels
becuase they stretch
48
veins have the capacity to hold a large proportion of the body blood, what does this allow for
allows to an extent the vascular system to absorb sudden changes in blood volume
49
the outer layers of tissue of thick-walled blood vessels recive theur blood supply from where
from a networ of blood vessels called the vasa vasocrum
50
how do thin walled vessels and the endothelium of the other recive otxygen and nutrients
by diffusion from the blood passing through them
51
oxygen is carried from the lungs to the tissues in combination with what
haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin
52
when blood arrives in the capillaries, it diffuses via what, from where into where and why is this
diffuses via their permeable walls
diffuses down its concentration gradient
from oxygen-rich arterial blood, into tissues
where oxygen levels are lower becuase of constant tissue consumption
53
why does oxyhaemoglobin break up easily
to liberate oxygen
54
when oxyhaemoglobin breaks up easily what is this called
dissociates
55
carbon dioxide is one of the waste products of what
cell metabolsim
56
carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood across what
across the thin capillary wall
57
when carbon dioxide diffuses across the capillary wall does it go to a lower or higher concentration gradient
lower
58
what are the three different mechanisms that the blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion
dissolved in the water of blood plasma
| in chemical combination with sodium bicarbonate]in combination with haemoglobin
59
what does the plasma transport
```
nutrients
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
vitamins
mineral salts
```
60
plasma contenxt diffuse via the what into the tissues
diffuse through the semi permable membrane
61
water exchanges freely between the plama and tissue fluid by what
osmosis
62
what are the two main forces determining overall fluid movement across the capillary wall
hyrdrostatic pressure
| osmotic pressure
63
what effect does the hydrostatic pressure have on fluid movement
tends to push fluid out of the bloodstream
64
what effect does the osmotic pressure have on fluid moevments
tends to pull fluid back into the bloodstream
65
extra tissue fluid and some cell waste materials enter the lymph capillaires, forming what
forming lymph
66
in which cavity does the heart lie in
the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum
67
the base of the heart extends the level of which rib
the 2nd rib
68
what are the inferiorly organs associated with the heart
the apex
69
what are the superiorly organs which are associated with the heart
the blood vessels: aorta, superior vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins
70
what are the posteriorly organs associated with the hearts
the oesophagus, trachea, left and right bronchus, descending aorta, inferior vena cava and thoracic vertebrae
71
what are the laterally organs associated with the heart
the lungs
72
what are the anteriorly organs associated with the heart
the sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles
73
the heart wall is composed of how many layers of tissue
three layers of tissue
74
what is the outer most layer of the heart called
the pericardium
75
the pericardium is made up of how many sacs
two sacs
76
the outer sac of the pericardium consits of what type of tissue
fibrous tissue
77
is it the inner sac or the outer sac of the pericardium that consists of a continuous double layer of serous membrane
inner sac
78
the serious pericardium is a membrane formed by how mnay layers of the endothelail cells
one layer
79
the serous pericardium is folder over itself so that it forms a double membrane around the what
around the heart
80
the myocardium is composed of what
specialised cardia muscle
81
what is the out sac of the fibrous pericardium called
the fibrous pericardium
82
what is the inner sac of the pericardium called
the serous pericardium
83
the fubrous pericardium is continuous with the what, and attched to the what
cotinuous with the tunica adventita of the great blood vessels and is attached to the diaphragm
84
by the fibrous pericardium having an inelastic, fibrous nature, what does this protect against
protects and prevent over-distension of the heart
85
what is in lace between the two layers so that the heart can beat without rubbing against the fibrous pericardium
around 20ml of lubricating fluid called the pericardial fluid
86
How many chambers does the heart have
Four
87
High blood pressure is called what
Bradycardia
88
The average BP for an adult is what
120/80
89
How many layers of the heart are there
4
90
What are the layers of the heart
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
91
Why is their fluid between serous layers in the pericardial cavity
To prevent friction
92
What is the outer layer of the heart called
The pericardium
93
Within the pericardium are what two layers
Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
94
What is serous pericardium made up of
Parietal and visceral pericardium
95
What layer of the heart makes up the bulk
The myocardium
96
The myocardium cells are held together by what
Desmosomes
97
The myocardium is the middle musclar layer of the heart, what are the layers in lies between
Endocardium and outer epicardium
98
What are the three functions of the myocardium
- Providing scaffolding for the heart chambers
- Assisting in contraction and relaxation of the heart walls so that blood can pass between between the chambers
- conducting electro stimulation through its own tissues and into the epicardium
99
What is the inner most layer of the heart
The endocardium
100
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, why
So it can be oxygenated
101
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it where
Around the body
102
The right atrium receives blood from where
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
103
The left atrium recievied blood from where, is this blood oxygen or deoxygenated and if so why
Received blood from pulmonary veins, this blood is oxygenated as it has come from the lungs
104
How many valve are there to prevent back flow
2
105
What are the names of the two valves
Tricuspid and bicuspid
106
How many flaps does the tricuspid valvular have
3 flaps
107
What connects the valvues to the heart walls
Heart strings/ cordial tendinase
108
Is the tricuspid valve on the right or the left side of the heart
Right
109
What causes the valves to close
The ventricular pressure
110
How many ventricles are there
2
111
The right ventricle pumps blood to where, through the what
Right ventricle pumps to the lungs, through the pulmonary artery
112
The left ventricle pumps blood where, through the what
Blood pumped around the body, through the aorta
113
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right
It has to pump the blood much further
114
What divides the right and left ventricles
The interventriclulsar septum
115
What layer of the heart is supplied with blood directly from the chambers
Endocardium
116
The heart is supplied with blood from where
The coronary arteries
117
The coronary artery that supplies the heart itself with blood comes from where
The aorta
118
When the heart itself is being supplied with blood, the left anterior ascending artery supplies which part of the heart with blood
Front and side of left ventricle and apex
119
When the heart itself is being supplied with blood, the cicumflex artery supplies what areas of the heart with blood
Back and side of left ventricle
120
How many valvues does the mitral valve have
2
121
What are the top chambers of the heart called and what are the bottom chambers of the heart called
Atrium
| Ventricles
122
Blood flows into the heart, via the what
Via the vena cava
123
Blood from the vena cave will be oxygenated or deoxygenated
Deoxygenated as it has returned from the body
124
As the two atria contract tighter, they use the blood into the what
Ventricles
125
After the blood has been pushed into the ventricles it willl enter the what
The pulmonary artery where it will travel to the lukngs
126
Where are pacemaker cells located in the heart
In the right atrium
127
The heart needs its own supply of blood which it gets from small arteries that branch of the aorta which are called what
Coronary arteries
