Nervous System Nurse Soc Flashcards
Neurons that send impulses from your cns are called what type of neurons
Efferent neurons
What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Central and peripheral
The central nervous system consists of what
Brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
Apart from the brain and spine, all other neural tissue
Which nervous system is responsible for delivering sensory information to the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
Neurons that input information into the central nervous system are called what type of neurons
Afferent
If it sympathies nervous system, will you be in fight or flight or rest and digest
Fight or flight
Is it the efferent or affernt division of the peripheral nervous system the is part of the motor information
Efferent division
The autonomic nervous system controls what at a subconscious level
Muscle control
The peripheral nervous system consists of what
Consist of nerves that run throughout the body
The autonomic nervous system can be controlled into what further divisions
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
If you have a slow heart beat. Contras the airways and contract bladder, are you in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest is referring to which nerves
Parasympathetic
What are the divisions of the body
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
What are the two subdivisions that make up the peripheral nervous system called
Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
If you have nerves that carry sensory signals form the body to the cns and nerves that carry motor signals to the skeletal muscles, is this the somatic or autonomic nervous system
Somatic
Which nervous system is associated with involuntary movement
Autonomic
The autonomic nervous system can be further subdivided into what
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What is the name of the nerves that have a large role in stimulating and metabolising energy
Sympathetic
What type of neuron is small, has no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons, and is found in brain and special sense organs
An anaxonic neuron
Which division of the nervous system is involved in regulating the internal environment of the body
The autonomic nervous system
What is the role of the synapse in the neurons
The point at which the action potential passes from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
What is the layer of insulation around the axon called
Myelin sheath
Is the sensory division is part of the affernt or effect division
Affernt
What is the role of the dendrites in the neurons
Receive and carry incoming action potentials towards the cell body
What are the different types of neurons
Anaxonic neuron
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
How many dendrites and how many axon does the multipolar neuron have
2 or more dendrites with a single axon
What type of neuron has two processes and one dendrite and one axon
A bipolar neuron
What type of neuron are typically sensory, and dendrites and axons that are fused with the cell body to one side
A unipolar neuron
Anaxonic, multipolar, bipolar and unipolar are all types of what
Neurons
Sensory neurons deliver information from where, to where
From the sensory receptors to the CNS
Is the sensory neuron affernt or efferent
Afferent, because there coming towards the nervous system
Which type of neuron carries instructions from the CNS to effectors
Motor neurons
Is the motor neurons afferent or efferent
Efferent
The motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to where
Effectors
The motor neurons are subdivided into what two neurons
Somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons
What are the two types of motor neurons
Somatic and visceral
What are the visceral motor neurons involved in
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Where do the inter neurons carry information between
Sensory and motor neurons
If you have relax airway, inhibit activity of the stomach and a relaxed bladder, are you in the parasympathetic or sympathetic system
Sympathetic
What is a nerve impulse
Electrical signal that travels along the neuron
In a nerve impulse we use the word potential to describe what
The movement of charged particles across the membrane of the cell
At rest what is the overall internal charge of the neuron and why is this
At rest there is a high concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell membrane and a high concentration of potassium ions in the Soto soil of the cell
Beginning of impulse in action potential is marked by what
Depolarisation
What does depolarisation mean in terms of action potential
Meaning sodium channel is opened and sodium enters the cell, shifting the electric potential of the membrane
What opens which shifts the electric potential of the membrane in depolarisation
The sodium channel opens and sodium channels enter
In repolarisation, what happens
Potassium channel opens, potassium ions flow out of cell. Movement of positive ions will depolarise cells
After repolarisation, will the cell have a negative internal charge or a positive
It will have a negative internal charge
What is the name of the system when potassium ions flow out of the cell via the potassium channel and there is a shift in the internal charge and external charge
Repolarisation
In depolarisation what channel opens
Sodium channel
Waves of flowing electrons with ions flowing in and out of cell, this is a what
Nerve impulse
In repolarisation what channel opens
Potassium channel
What is the name of the pump that restores resting potential allowing action potential to move through
Sodium potassium pumps
Dosimeter potassium pumps restore what
Resting potential
Nerve impulses move in both directions across the cell, true or false
False, they only move in one direction
Nerve impulses start at the what, and end at the what
Start at the dendrites
End at axon terminal
If there are not enough sodium ions in the cell, why can t action potential occur
As there wont be enough sodium ions to trigger release of sodium from the next sodium channel gate
What is the name of the level which there need to be enough sodium ions, so action potential can occur
Threshold potential
Why do the electro chemicals need energy in order to leave their channel in action potential
Because they are moving away from concentration gradient
In the neuron, what is the stimulus that begins the process of action potential
Stimulus is when the sodium gates open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the cell, which depolarise the cell
By sodium gates opening and sodium ions being released, this depolarises the cell, causing the cell to now be what
The cell will now have a positive charge and a negative external charge
The polarity change in the cell after depolarisation will cause what to open
Potassium gate
By the potassium gate being open, what does this allow for
Allows potassium ions to rush out of the cell, this repolarises the cell back to a negative charge
Sometime in action potential, the cell can become to negative after repolarisation, what is this called when this happens
Hyper polarisation/ undershoot
What is the name of the period which corrects the cell when it is too negative in action potential
Refractory period
If enough sodium ions are released and pass what, then action potential can occur
Enough sodium ions need to be released to surpass the threshold potential
In the refractory period, how does this period correct the cell from being too negative
Sodium potassium pump uses ATP to restore resting potential
Sodium potassium pump uses atp to restore resting potential, when this happens this is known as what period
Refractory period
In the refractory period the sodium potassium pump uses what to restore resting potential
ATP
Which nervous system is associated with voluntary movement
Somatic
The cell body, axon, dendrites, synapse and myelin sheath collectively make up what
Neurons
Out of the somatic motor neurons and the visceral motor neurons, which is involved in voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Somatic motor neurons
The somatic nervous system controls what type of contraction
Controls skeletal muscle contractions
What are the components of the neurons called
Cell body, axon, dendrites, synapse, myelin sheath
What part of the neuron carriers impulses away from the cell body
Axon
The space between the neurones is called that what
Synaptic cleft
The neurone where the signal is initiated is called the what
Presynaptic neuron
The neuron where the signal is received is called the what
Postsynaptic neuron
In the presynaptic neuron the signal is received, true or false
False, the postsynaptic neurone receives the neurone, the presynaptic send it
In the presynaptic neuron, their are chemical signals called what
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are packaged into what
Small sacs called vesicles
What do the vesicles fuse with, in order for them to release their contents, and where do they release their contents
The vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft
On in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind with what
Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
By the neurotransmitters binding with the receptors on the postsynaptic cell, this can cause the likely hood of what to increase
Increase likely hood of postsynaptic cell coming activated and releasing action potential
What is the process of reuptake
When neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron to be recycled and reused
When neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron to be recycled and reused, what is this process called
Reuptake
What are the three ways that neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft
- Drift away by diffusion
- Process of reuptake
- Broken down by enzymes and sent back to presynaptic neurone
What are the four ways neuroglia support cells
- Form myelin to wrap around neurons
- Provide nutrients
- Destroy pathogens
- Provide structure for the neuron to sit on
What is the neuroglia
Specialised support cell
What is the name of the cell which forms myelin
Neuroglia, Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes and microglia are all type of what
Neuroglia in the CNS
What is the role of microglia in the cns
Remove debris
What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the cns
Make myelin which insulates
What is the role of ependymal cells in the cns
Cover and line cavities
What is the role of astrocytes in the cns
Maintain blood-brain barrier, repair damaged neural tissue,control the interstitial environment and create 3D framework for cns
What is the name of the type of neuroglia which maintains the blood- brain barrier, creates a 3D framework, repairs damaged neural tissue and controls the interstitial environment
Astrocytes
What are the four different types of neuroglia in the CNS
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
What are the two different types of the neuroglia in the PNS
- Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells
Satellite cells and Schwann cells are types of what
Neuroglia in the PNS
Does a satellite cell belong to the neuroglia in the CNS or the PNS
PNS
What is the role of the satellite cells
- Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
2. Regulate the environment around the neurons
What is the roles of the Schwann cells
- Form a sheath around peripheral axons
2. Shield axons from contact with interstitial fluids
What in the name of cell which is type of neuroglia that forms a sheath around peripheral axons, and does it belong to the PNS or the CNS
Schwann cells, as part of the PNS
What are the meninges
The three layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
What are the three layers of the meninges called
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
What is the outermost layer of the meninges called
Dura mater
Is the arachnoid mater is the inner layer of the meninges, true or false
False, it is the middle layer
What is the innermost layer of the meninges called
Pia mater
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater are all type of what
All types of meninges
What is the space called that is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subdural space
The subarachnoid space is between what two layers of the meninges
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
In the meninges there are spaces in between the three layers, what are these two spaces called
Subdural space and subarachnoid space
How many ventricles of the brain do we have
Four ventricles
The four ventricles of the brain all contain which type of fluid
Cerebral spinal fluid
What are the four ventricle of the brain called
- Lateral ventricle (left and right)
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
How do the lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle
By interventriclar foramina
How does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricle
Via the cerebral aqueduct
The fourth ventricle communicates with the subarachnoid space by what
By foramina in its roof
What is the fluid secreted from the blood into each ventricle
Cerebrospinal fluid
Where is cerebrospinal fluid made
Lateral ventricles
How is cerebrospinal fluid returned to the blood
By ports
What are the three functions of the CSF
- Support and protect the brain and spinal cord by shock absorption
- Keep brain and spinal cord moist so exchange of nutrients and waste can happen
- Involved in regulation of breathing as it cleans the surface of the medulla where central respiratory chemoreceptors are located
What is the name of the fluid which support and protects the brain and spinal fluid, keeps it moist and cleans the surface of the medulla
Cerebral spinal fluid
Why should the brain and spinal cord by moist and who’s job is it to perform this
The cerebral spinal fluid keep the brain and spinal cord moist so that exchange of nutrients and waste between CSF and interstitial fluid can take place
How is the cerebral spinal fluid involved in the regulation of breathing
It cleans the surface of the medulla where the central respiratory chemoreceptors are located
How does the cerebral spinal fluid support and protect the brain and spinal cord
Maintains pressure around brain and spinal cord to act as a cushion or shock absorbers
The ventricles are lined with specialised membrane cells called what
The choroid plexus
Choroid plexus secret what fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the main role of the ventricles
The production and district cerebrospinal fluid
The production and distribution of cerebrospinal fluid is main role of the what
The ventricles
The cerebral aqueduct allows communication between which two ventricles in the brain
The third and fourth
The interventricular foremen allows communication between which two ventricles in the brain
The two lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
The fourth ventricle has how many openings in it and this allows what to exit
3 openings in it which allows the cerebral spinal fluid to exit
What is the largest part of the brain called
The cerebrum
The cerebrum has ridges and grooves, what does this allow for
Larger surface area
The surface of the cerebrum has ridges in it called what, and grooves in it called what
Ridges called gyri
Grooves called sulci
Where are the gyri and sulci found on the brain
On the surface of the cerebrum
The cerebrum is made up of what two types of matter
Grey and white matter
The grey matter and the white matter make up what in the brain
The cerebrum
What is grey matter made up of
Nerve cell bodies
What is white matter made up of
Lobes connected by nerve fibres
Grey matter makes up the surface of what
The cerebral cortex
How many lobes of the cerebrum are there
Four
What are the lobes of the cerebrum called
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe, collectively make up what
The lobes of the cerebrum
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, these are both enclosed into protective layers called what
Meninges
The brain is made is located in the what of the skull
The cranium
The cranium of the skull is where what is located
The brain
The brain is made up of three main parts which are what
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblangata
The cerebrum is divided into the left and right hemispheres, how are these connected to each other
By a nerve tract called the corpus callosum
The corpus callosum connects what two things in the brain
The left and right hemispheres in the cerebrum
Why is the surface of the cerebral hemisphere folded
To increase the surface area
Learning, memory, interpretation and personality are the jobs of which part of the brain
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is responsible for what features of humans
Learning, memory, interpretation and personality
The cerebellum controls what features that help people
Controls balance movement and coordination
Which part of the brain is responsible for control of balance and coordination
Cerebellum
What connects the brain with spinal cord
The brain stem
Which part of the brain connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls many autonomic functions
The brain stem
The brain stem is composed of what
Midbrain pons and medulla oblongata
The spinal cord is protected by the what
Vertebral column
What is the name of the thin layer of the brain that covers the outer portion of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
What is the cerebral cortex
The thin layer of brain that covers the outer portion of the cerebrum
What are the three functions of the cerebral cortex
- Mental activities
- Sensory perception
- Control of skeletal muscle contraction
Which part of the brain is responsible for mental activities, sensory perception and control of skeletal muscle contraction
The cerebral cortex
What area of the brain controls the muscles necessary for speech
Broca’s area
In which lobe of the brain would you find the Broca’s area
The frontal lobe
What does the Broca’s area control and where in the brain is it found
Found in the frontal area and controls the muscles necessary for speech
How many sensory areas i the brain do you have
Four
What are the four sensory areas of the brain
- Auditory area
- Olfactory area
- Taste area
- Visual area
In which lobe would you find the auditory area
Temporal lobe
The auditory area, olfactory area, taste area and visual area collectively make up the what areas in your brain
The sensory areas
What is the auditory area responsible for
Receive and interpret signals transited from the inner ear/ where you process speech
The taste area recieves signals from the sensory receptors in the what
Sensory receptors in the taste buds
In which lobe would you find the olfactory area
The temporal lobe
The olfactory area receives signals from where
From the nose
In which part of the lobe would you find the visual area
Occipital lobe
The basal ganglia, ganglia and hypothalamus are all areas in which part of the brain
Cerebrum
you find the basal ganglia, ganglia and hypothalamus in the brain stem. True or false
False, you find it in the cerebrum
What is the function of the basal ganglia
The initiation and control of complex movement and learned coordinated activities
If you are jerky, clumsy and uncoordinated, there could be damage to which part of your brain
Basal ganglia
What is the name given to the group of cells in the brain that form pathways
Basal ganglia
The thalamus is made up of what
2 masses of grey and white matter
Sensory receptors which detect information about touch, pain and temperature will be sent to the what?, before it is sent to the cerebral cortex
Sent to the thalamus which recognises it before relaying it to the cerebral cortex
What part of the brain controls output of hormones from anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain controls appetite and satiety, thirst and water balance, body temperature, emotional reactions, circadian rhythms and effectors of autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
In general the hypothalamus is involved in controlling what
Homeostasis and hormones
What two ways can the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis
- Exert direct influence on autonomic nervous system
2. Causing the release of hormones from pituitary gland
What part of the brain is involved in controlling homeostasis and hormones
The hypothalamus
The hypothalamus manipulates hormone release primarily by controlling what
The pituitary gland
Growth hormone, luteinizing hormone and fsh amoung many other hormones get released under the control of what part of the brain
The hypothalamus
What are the names of the two lobes which the pituary gland consists of
Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary releases what two hormones
Oxytocin and vasopressin
What part of the brain synthesize the hormones which the posterior pituitary gland release
The hypothalamus
How is the hypothalamus involved in the posterior pituitary gland
Synthesises the hormones which the posterior pituitary releases
Where in the brain are the extrapyramidal tracts found
Medulla and ons
The network of nerves responsible for involuntary control of movement and reflexes are called what
Extrapyramidal tracts
What is the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for
Involuntary control of movement and reflexes
What part of the brain is involved in sensory and motor coordination and balance
Cerebellum
The cerebellum are involved in what functions
Sensory and motor coordination and balance
What is the name of the part of the brain which fines tunes voluntary skeletal muscle activity and helps in the maintenance of balance
The cerebellum
The brain stems central core is formed by what
The reticular formation
What is reticular formation involved in
- Voluntary movement
- Balance
- Coordination of autonomic nervous system activity
- Reticular activating system
What part of the brain is involved in voluntary movement and balance, coordination of ans activity and has roles in arousal
The reticular formation in the brain stem
Where is the reticular formation found
The brain stem
The peripheral nervous system has how many spinal nerves
31
The peripheral nervous system has how many pairs of cranial nerves
12 pairs
What are three examples of how ageing affects the nervous system
Any three from
- smaller brain size and weight
0smalled number of neurons
- smaller blood flow to brain and fatty deposits build up in blood vessels
- changes to synaptic organisation of the brain
-changes to cns neurons
What is the order of the layer of the meninges
- Duramater
- Subdural space
- Arachnoid matter
- Subarachnoid space
- Pia mater
- Cerebral cortex
The region where an action potential passes from one nerve to the next is the what?
Synapse
In the synapse, a chemical called what is released from the what
Neurotransmitters released form the synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters are released from where
Synaptic vesicles
The neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic vesicles into the what
Synaptic cleft
