Nurse Soc Endocrine Flashcards
What are glands
Secretory cells surrounded by blood vessels that have a network of capillaries which facilitate diffusion of hormones into the bloodstream
When a hormone arrives at a target cell, what do they bind to
A specific receptor
What acts a “switch” in influencing reactions inside a cell
When the hormone binds to a specific receptor
What are peptide hormones normally made from
Amino acids
Peptide hormones attach to cell receptors on a cell membrane. Why is this
They cannot cross cell membrane
What are lipid based hormones normally made from
Chol
Can lipid based hormones pass through cell membranes
Yes
Out of peptide hormones and lipid based hormones, which one can attach to receptors inside a cell
Lipid based hormones as they can pass through a cell membrane
If a receptor is on a cell membrane, is it more likely to be a peptide hormone or a lipid based hormone
A peptide hormone as these cannot cross cell membrane so receptors are on cell membrane
What are the three factors that influence the concentration of hormones
- The rate of production
- The rate of delivery
- The rate of destruction/elimination
The rate of production, delivery and destruction are the three factors that affect what
Affect the concentration of hormones
What are the five things that hormones do
- Change the cells permeability or opening of ion channels
- Stimulate the synthesis of proteins
- Activate or reactive enzymes
- Cause secretory activity
- Stimulate mitosis
Changing the cells permeability, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, activating or deactivating enzymes, causing secretory activity and stimulating mitosis are all the controlled by what
By hormones
Stimulating mitosis is controlled by what
Hormones
Activating or deactivating enzymes is the job of what
Hormones
Why do hormones need to be destroyed or excreted
So levels can be regulated
What are the three ways hormones can be destroyed
- Deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
- Some excreted in faeces
- Some rapidly broken down
How are most hormones destroyed and where does this happen
Most are deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
Hormones are released in response to a what
To a stimulus
Stimulating a hormone can only be by a internal stimulus, true or false
False, it can be external or internal
As hormones create a change in the body do they continue to be released ?
No they stop being released once they created the needed change
As hormones create changes in the body they stop being released, what is this an example of
Negative feedback loop
How are negative feedback loops relevant in the creation and release of hormones
As hormones create change in the body they stop being released, this is an example of negative feedback loop as their is a stimulus which causes a response once this has happened the stimulus will stop and normal levels will return
What are the three types of hormonal stimulation
- Humoral
- Neural
- Hormonal
What is humoral stimulation
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli
What is neural stimulation
Stimulation by the brain in response to situations. E.g fight or flight
What is hormonal stimulation
Hormones concentration circulating in the blood. E.g lots of growth hormone cause hormones to be inhibited
The stimulation by the brain is response to situation would be what type of hormonal stimulation
Neural
Humoral, neural and hormonal are all types of what
Hormonal stimulation
Hormones concentration circulating in the blood is what type of hormonal stimulation
Hormonal
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli would be what type of hormonal stimulation
Humoral
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli is neural hormonal stimulation, true or false
False, it is humoral hormonal stimulation
What is the anterior pituitary made of
Glandular secreting tissue
What is posterior pituitary composed of
Nervous tissue
The posterior pituitary is made of glandular secreting tissue, true or false
False, it is made of nervous tissue
What controls the release of the pituitary
The hypothalamus
The anterior and posterior pituitary release hormones under the control of the what
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus release inihibiting hormones, how does this affect the pituitary gland
It tell the pituitary when to release and what to inhibit
What is known as the master gland
Pituitary
The pituitary is split into two, what are these
Anterior and posterior
What detects hormone levels
Hypothalamus
The blood supply the anterior pituitary has come from where first
The hypothalamus
Which out of the anterior and posterior pituary secretes more hormones
The anterior
What are the hormones which the posterior pituitary releases
ADH and oxytocin
Where are ADH and oxytocin stored in the posterior pituary and what releases them
They are stored in the axon terminals and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release
The anterior pituitary receives blood that has already been to the hypothalamus, what will the is blood contain that will help the anterior pituitary
Contain releasing and inhibiting hormones so the pituitary will release hormones that can inhibit other glands and know when
What are the five hormones the anterior pituitary releases
- Growth hormone
- Prolactin
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Gonadotropin FSH and LH
Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and FSH and Lh are all released by the what
Anterior pituitary
What is the role of the growth hormone and what is it released by
Stimulates growth, released by the anterior pituitary
What is the role of prolactin and what gland is it secreted by
Secreted during pregnancy for milk production, released by anterior pituitary
What is the job of thyroid stimulating hormone and what is it released by
Growth and activity of thyroid gland, released by anterior pituitary
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone role and what is it released by
Controls stimulation in adrenal glands, released by anterior pituitary
What hormone controls stimulation in adrenal glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH
What is oxytocin and what is it released by
Targets uterine muscle and muscle cells of lactating breast during and after child birth, released by the posterior pituitary
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone
Retain water and reduce urine output, released by posterior pituitary
What are posterior pituitary hormones synthesised in
In the nerve cell bodies
What type of cells does the posterior pituitary consist of
Nerve cells
What are the hormones which the thyroid gland release
Thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3
T3 and T4 are released by what gland
The thyroid gland
Where is the thryoid gland located
In front of laryx and trachea in the neck
You find the thyroid gland near the small intestines, true of false
False, it is in the neck
What gland secrete and store colloid
The thyroid gland
What is colloid
Sticky protein material
What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland joined by
The isthmus
The isthmus joins what two things
The two lobes of the thyroid gland
Can T4 and T3 join the receptors inside the cell or on the cell membrane
They can move inside the cells to join to receptors
What is the thyroid gland made up of
Lobules which contain smaller cells called follicles
What do the follicles do in the thyroid glands lobules
Follicles store the hormones the thryoid sends out into your body
What do T3 and T4 do
Instruct the cells in body when to consume oxygen and nutrients which maintains the body’s metabolism which provide us with energy
What are the hormones called which instruct the cells in the body when to consume oxygen and nutrients, maintains the body’s metabolism
T3 and T4
Whe you need energy, how does the thryoid help
Sends out hormones to increase metabolism
What gland can send out hormones to increase our metabolsim
Thryoid gland
What hormone makes are heart pump harder and our cells break down nutrients faster
The thryoid
What hormone allows the cells to use energy, grown and reproduce
The thyroid
What is the thryoid controlled out
The pituitary gland in the brain