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Nurse Soc Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands

A

Secretory cells surrounded by blood vessels that have a network of capillaries which facilitate diffusion of hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

When a hormone arrives at a target cell, what do they bind to

A

A specific receptor

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3
Q

What acts a “switch” in influencing reactions inside a cell

A

When the hormone binds to a specific receptor

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4
Q

What are peptide hormones normally made from

A

Amino acids

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5
Q

Peptide hormones attach to cell receptors on a cell membrane. Why is this

A

They cannot cross cell membrane

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6
Q

What are lipid based hormones normally made from

A

Chol

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7
Q

Can lipid based hormones pass through cell membranes

A

Yes

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8
Q

Out of peptide hormones and lipid based hormones, which one can attach to receptors inside a cell

A

Lipid based hormones as they can pass through a cell membrane

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9
Q

If a receptor is on a cell membrane, is it more likely to be a peptide hormone or a lipid based hormone

A

A peptide hormone as these cannot cross cell membrane so receptors are on cell membrane

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10
Q

What are the three factors that influence the concentration of hormones

A
  1. The rate of production
  2. The rate of delivery
  3. The rate of destruction/elimination
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11
Q

The rate of production, delivery and destruction are the three factors that affect what

A

Affect the concentration of hormones

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12
Q

What are the five things that hormones do

A
  1. Change the cells permeability or opening of ion channels
  2. Stimulate the synthesis of proteins
  3. Activate or reactive enzymes
  4. Cause secretory activity
  5. Stimulate mitosis
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13
Q

Changing the cells permeability, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, activating or deactivating enzymes, causing secretory activity and stimulating mitosis are all the controlled by what

A

By hormones

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14
Q

Stimulating mitosis is controlled by what

A

Hormones

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15
Q

Activating or deactivating enzymes is the job of what

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Why do hormones need to be destroyed or excreted

A

So levels can be regulated

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17
Q

What are the three ways hormones can be destroyed

A
  1. Deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
  2. Some excreted in faeces
  3. Some rapidly broken down
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18
Q

How are most hormones destroyed and where does this happen

A

Most are deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys

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19
Q

Hormones are released in response to a what

A

To a stimulus

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20
Q

Stimulating a hormone can only be by a internal stimulus, true or false

A

False, it can be external or internal

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21
Q

As hormones create a change in the body do they continue to be released ?

A

No they stop being released once they created the needed change

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22
Q

As hormones create changes in the body they stop being released, what is this an example of

A

Negative feedback loop

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23
Q

How are negative feedback loops relevant in the creation and release of hormones

A

As hormones create change in the body they stop being released, this is an example of negative feedback loop as their is a stimulus which causes a response once this has happened the stimulus will stop and normal levels will return

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24
Q

What are the three types of hormonal stimulation

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
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25
Q

What is humoral stimulation

A

Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli

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26
Q

What is neural stimulation

A

Stimulation by the brain in response to situations. E.g fight or flight

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27
Q

What is hormonal stimulation

A

Hormones concentration circulating in the blood. E.g lots of growth hormone cause hormones to be inhibited

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28
Q

The stimulation by the brain is response to situation would be what type of hormonal stimulation

A

Neural

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29
Q

Humoral, neural and hormonal are all types of what

A

Hormonal stimulation

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30
Q

Hormones concentration circulating in the blood is what type of hormonal stimulation

A

Hormonal

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31
Q

Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli would be what type of hormonal stimulation

A

Humoral

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32
Q

Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli is neural hormonal stimulation, true or false

A

False, it is humoral hormonal stimulation

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33
Q

What is the anterior pituitary made of

A

Glandular secreting tissue

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34
Q

What is posterior pituitary composed of

A

Nervous tissue

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35
Q

The posterior pituitary is made of glandular secreting tissue, true or false

A

False, it is made of nervous tissue

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36
Q

What controls the release of the pituitary

A

The hypothalamus

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37
Q

The anterior and posterior pituitary release hormones under the control of the what

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

The hypothalamus release inihibiting hormones, how does this affect the pituitary gland

A

It tell the pituitary when to release and what to inhibit

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39
Q

What is known as the master gland

A

Pituitary

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40
Q

The pituitary is split into two, what are these

A

Anterior and posterior

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41
Q

What detects hormone levels

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

The blood supply the anterior pituitary has come from where first

A

The hypothalamus

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43
Q

Which out of the anterior and posterior pituary secretes more hormones

A

The anterior

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44
Q

What are the hormones which the posterior pituitary releases

A

ADH and oxytocin

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45
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin stored in the posterior pituary and what releases them

A

They are stored in the axon terminals and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release

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46
Q

The anterior pituitary receives blood that has already been to the hypothalamus, what will the is blood contain that will help the anterior pituitary

A

Contain releasing and inhibiting hormones so the pituitary will release hormones that can inhibit other glands and know when

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47
Q

What are the five hormones the anterior pituitary releases

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  5. Gonadotropin FSH and LH
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48
Q

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and FSH and Lh are all released by the what

A

Anterior pituitary

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49
Q

What is the role of the growth hormone and what is it released by

A

Stimulates growth, released by the anterior pituitary

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50
Q

What is the role of prolactin and what gland is it secreted by

A

Secreted during pregnancy for milk production, released by anterior pituitary

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51
Q

What is the job of thyroid stimulating hormone and what is it released by

A

Growth and activity of thyroid gland, released by anterior pituitary

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52
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone role and what is it released by

A

Controls stimulation in adrenal glands, released by anterior pituitary

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53
Q

What hormone controls stimulation in adrenal glands

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH

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54
Q

What is oxytocin and what is it released by

A

Targets uterine muscle and muscle cells of lactating breast during and after child birth, released by the posterior pituitary

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55
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone

A

Retain water and reduce urine output, released by posterior pituitary

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56
Q

What are posterior pituitary hormones synthesised in

A

In the nerve cell bodies

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57
Q

What type of cells does the posterior pituitary consist of

A

Nerve cells

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58
Q

What are the hormones which the thyroid gland release

A

Thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3

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59
Q

T3 and T4 are released by what gland

A

The thyroid gland

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60
Q

Where is the thryoid gland located

A

In front of laryx and trachea in the neck

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61
Q

You find the thyroid gland near the small intestines, true of false

A

False, it is in the neck

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62
Q

What gland secrete and store colloid

A

The thyroid gland

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63
Q

What is colloid

A

Sticky protein material

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64
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland joined by

A

The isthmus

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65
Q

The isthmus joins what two things

A

The two lobes of the thyroid gland

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66
Q

Can T4 and T3 join the receptors inside the cell or on the cell membrane

A

They can move inside the cells to join to receptors

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67
Q

What is the thyroid gland made up of

A

Lobules which contain smaller cells called follicles

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68
Q

What do the follicles do in the thyroid glands lobules

A

Follicles store the hormones the thryoid sends out into your body

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69
Q

What do T3 and T4 do

A

Instruct the cells in body when to consume oxygen and nutrients which maintains the body’s metabolism which provide us with energy

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70
Q

What are the hormones called which instruct the cells in the body when to consume oxygen and nutrients, maintains the body’s metabolism

A

T3 and T4

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71
Q

Whe you need energy, how does the thryoid help

A

Sends out hormones to increase metabolism

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72
Q

What gland can send out hormones to increase our metabolsim

A

Thryoid gland

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73
Q

What hormone makes are heart pump harder and our cells break down nutrients faster

A

The thryoid

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74
Q

What hormone allows the cells to use energy, grown and reproduce

A

The thyroid

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75
Q

What is the thryoid controlled out

A

The pituitary gland in the brain

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76
Q

The pituitary monitors the levels of hormones in the blood, if there are too little of too many, it will send out instructions via what hormone

A

The thryoid stimulating hormone

77
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

When the organ sends out to many hormones, overloading the cells to consume too many nutrients and oxygen, they are overactive as a result

78
Q

What are the symptoms which a person with hyperthyroidism can experience

A

Faster metabolism, faster heart rate, constant hunger, repaid weight loss and feeling hot, sweaty, anxious and having difficulty sleeping

79
Q

If somebody is having rapid weight loss, feeling anxious and having trouble sleeping, are they more likely to suffer from hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism

80
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

When the thyroid sends out to few hormones meaning the body’s cells don’t have enough instructions to guide them

81
Q

What are the symptoms that people with hypothyroidism experience

A

Weight gain, depression, sluggishness, sensitivity to cold and swollen joints

82
Q

Having swollen joints, sensitivity to cold and weight gain are symptoms of hyperthyroidism, true or false

A

False, they are symptoms or hypothyroidism

83
Q

What are the parts of the body which the thyroid doesn’t affect

A

The brain, spleen, testes, uterus and thryoid

84
Q

What is Graves’ disease a result of

A

A over productive thryoid

85
Q

What is cretinism a result of

A

A underproductive thyroid

86
Q

What does the thyroid help to regulate

A

The body’s metabolism

87
Q

The body’s metabolism is helped to regulate by which gland

A

Thyroid gland

88
Q

Graves’ disease is due to an over productive thryoid, true or false

89
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates development of follicles

Stimulates the production of sperm

90
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Stimulates development of ovaries

91
Q

What is the function of ACTH

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones

92
Q

What is the function of ICSH

A

Stimulates testosterone production by the intestinal cells of the testes

93
Q

What is the function of MSH

A

Promotes distribution of melanin granules

94
Q

What type of pituitary gland releases MSH, ICSH and TSH

95
Q

How many parathyroid glands do we have

96
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

97
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do

A

Regulates blood calcium levels

98
Q

What hormone regulates blood calcium levels and what is it secreted by

A

Parathyroid hormone which is secreted by the parathyroid glands

99
Q

Is blood calcium levels fall, what hormone is released

A

PTH, Parathyroid hormone

100
Q

If blood calcium levels are high, what hormone is inhibited

A

Parathyroid hormone, PTH

101
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels

A

By releasing calcium stored in bone

102
Q

PTH and calcitonin work tighter to maintain what

A

Maintain calcium levels

103
Q

PTH is complementary to what else, in order to maintain calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

104
Q

Is something is hypocalcemia, what does this mean

A

Low blood calcium

105
Q

Hypocalcemia will stimulate the what

A

Stimulate the parathyroid glands

106
Q

When there is hypocalcemia, PTH is released how does this affect the bones

A

PTH activates osteoclasts and calcium and ions are released into the blood

107
Q

When PTH activates osteoclasts in the bones, what does this release into the blood

A

Calcium and phosphate ione

108
Q

How does low calcium affect the kidneys after PTH has been released

A

Increases calcium reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D

109
Q

How will the activation of vitamin D from the kidneys affect the intestine when PTH has been released due to hypocalcemia

A

Is will increase calcium absorption from food

110
Q

What are the three ways which PTH increases calcium levels in the blood

A
  1. Activates osteoclasts in the bones
  2. Increases calcium absorption from food in the intestines
  3. Increases calcium reabsorption from the kidneys
111
Q

PTH causes the kidney to increase calcium levels, what two ways does the kidneys do this

A

Increases calcium reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D which means more calcium can be absorbed from food in the small intestines

112
Q

How many adrenal glands do we have

A

2 adrenal glands

113
Q

What is the outer adrenal gland called

114
Q

The cortex is the outer of inner adrenal gland

115
Q

What is the inner adrenal gland called

116
Q

The medulla is the outer or inner adrenal gland

117
Q

The outer adrenal gland is called the medulla, true or false

A

False, it is called the cortex

118
Q

What is a stressor

A

Any effect on the body that disturbs homeostasis

119
Q

A stressor on the body can only be external, true or false?

A

False, it can be internal or external

120
Q

When there is a short term stress on the body, this releases what two hormones

A

Adrenal and noradrenaline

121
Q

Release of adrenal and noradrenaline are a result of what type of stress response

A

Shirt term stress result

122
Q

What two hormones are released from the adrenal glands

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

123
Q

Is the adrenal medulla part of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system

124
Q

The adrenal medulla produces what two things

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

125
Q

What is noradrenaline

A

A neurotransmitter

126
Q

Out of noradrenaline and adrenaline which one is the hormone and which one is neurotransmitter

A

Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter and adrenal is the hormone

127
Q

What are the effect on the body when adrenal and noradrenaline are released

A
  1. Heart rate increases
  2. Blood pressure increase
  3. Diverts blood to essential organs
  4. Increases metabolic rate
  5. Dilates pupils
128
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenal are released by the what

A

Adrenal medulla

129
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

130
Q

When your heart rate increase, blood pressure increases, blood is diverted to essential organs, dilating pupils and increased metabolic rate. This means what two hormones have been released

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

131
Q

The adrenal cortex produces what 3 groups of steroid hormones

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
    2, mineralocorticoids
  2. Gonadocortidoids
132
Q

The 3 groups of steroid hormones that the adrenal cortex produces is known as what

A

Corticosteroids

133
Q

What is the role or glucocorticoids

A

Renault engine metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses and responses to stress

134
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids

A

Regulation of electroyes in the blood

135
Q

What is the function of gonadocortidoids

A

Where sex hormones are secreted

136
Q

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Gonadocortidoids are all produced by what and our known as the what

A

Known as corticosteroids and are released by the adrenal cortex

137
Q

What type of corticosteroids regulate electrolytes in the blood

A

Mineralocorticoids

138
Q

What type of corticosteroids are responsible for regulating metabolism, inflammatory and immune response and responsee to stress

A

Glucocorticoids

139
Q

What are corticosteroids

A

Steroid hormone

140
Q

Pancreatic hormones are secreted directly into where

A

The bloodstream

141
Q

What are the three main types of hormones secreting cells in the pancreas

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
  3. Delta cells
142
Q

What do alpha cells secrete in the pancreas

143
Q

What do beta cells secrete in the pancreas

144
Q

What do delta cells secrete in the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

145
Q

What type of cells secrete somatostatin in the pancreas

A

Delta cells

146
Q

What type of cells secrete insluin in the pancreas

A

Beta cells

147
Q

What types of cells secrete glucagon in the pancreas

A

Alpha cells

148
Q

Alpha cells. Beta cells and delta cells are all types of what cells

A

Hormone secreting cells

149
Q

Where are alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells found

150
Q

What hormone reduces blood sugar levels

151
Q

What hormone facilitates entry of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue

152
Q

What hormone stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen

153
Q

If you have low blood sugar does this mean you have more of less insluin

A

Less insluin

154
Q

Where is insluine destroyed

155
Q

If you have more insulin do you have a high or low blood sugar level

156
Q

Once it has been absorbed into the blood stream, what circulates causing the blood sugar level to rise

157
Q

An increased level of blood sugar sends a signal to the what type of cells

A

Send signal to the pancreatic beta cells

158
Q

How do the pancreatic beta cells respond to an increased level of blood sugar

A

Secrete hormone insluin into the circulation

159
Q

What hormone secretes insluin into the circulation and where is it found

A

Beta cells on the pancreas release insluin

160
Q

Glucose enters the cell by what process

A

Facilitated diffusion

161
Q

What is necessary for glucose to reach and be used by important target tissues in the body

A

Insluin is necessary for glucose to reach and be used

162
Q

What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

163
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

In the liver

164
Q

What does glucagon activate

A

Hepatic gluconeogenesis

165
Q

What is hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

When glycogen is converted to glucose

166
Q

The convention of glycogen to glucose is known as what

A

Hepatic gluconeogenesis

167
Q

When will hepatic gluconeogenesis happen

A

When blood sugar is low or you exercise

168
Q

Having a low blood sugar level promotes what hormone to be released

169
Q

Having a high blood sugar level promotes what hormone to be released

A

Insluin release

170
Q

By glucagon being realised from where? What does this stimulate?

A

Glucagon released by the pancrease stimulates glycogen breakdown

171
Q

By insulin being released from where? What two things does this stimulate?

A

Insulin released from the pancreas stimulates glucose uptake from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation

172
Q

Where does hepatic gluconeogenesis happen

173
Q

What gland makes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

174
Q

What gland makes thymosin

175
Q

What is thymosin used for

A

Role in making t lymphocytes

176
Q

Melatonin is made by what gland

A

Pineal gland

177
Q

The pineal gland makes thymosin , true or false

A

False it makes melatonin

178
Q

The thyroid gland releases what and what is this used for

A

Produces hormone thyroxine which regulates the rate of our metabolism

179
Q

If the pituitary gland detects low levels of thyroxin it releases what hormone and what effect will this have

A

Releases tsh which stimulates the thyroid gland to stimulate more thyroxin which will bring the level of thyroxine back up to normal

180
Q

What hormone does the testes produce

A

Testosterone

181
Q

What does testosterone do

A

Controls puberty

182
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce

A

Produce oestrogen

183
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Influences puberty and menstral cycle

184
Q

What hormone helps to regulate blood glucose concentration

185
Q

What hormone influences puberty and menstral cycle

186
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid hormone release

A

Parathyroid hormone

187
Q

The thyroid produces what two hormone

188
Q

What are the 9 glands which make up the endocrine system

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary gland
  4. Thyroid gland
  5. Thymus
  6. Pancreas
  7. Adrenal gland
    8, testes
  8. Ovaries
189
Q

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes and ovaries are the glands which make up the what system

A

Endocrine system

PONs (8 decks)

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