Nurse Soc Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What are glands
A
Secretory cells surrounded by blood vessels that have a network of capillaries which facilitate diffusion of hormones into the bloodstream
2
Q
When a hormone arrives at a target cell, what do they bind to
A
A specific receptor
3
Q
What acts a “switch” in influencing reactions inside a cell
A
When the hormone binds to a specific receptor
4
Q
What are peptide hormones normally made from
A
Amino acids
5
Q
Peptide hormones attach to cell receptors on a cell membrane. Why is this
A
They cannot cross cell membrane
6
Q
What are lipid based hormones normally made from
A
Chol
7
Q
Can lipid based hormones pass through cell membranes
A
Yes
8
Q
Out of peptide hormones and lipid based hormones, which one can attach to receptors inside a cell
A
Lipid based hormones as they can pass through a cell membrane
9
Q
If a receptor is on a cell membrane, is it more likely to be a peptide hormone or a lipid based hormone
A
A peptide hormone as these cannot cross cell membrane so receptors are on cell membrane
10
Q
What are the three factors that influence the concentration of hormones
A
- The rate of production
- The rate of delivery
- The rate of destruction/elimination
11
Q
The rate of production, delivery and destruction are the three factors that affect what
A
Affect the concentration of hormones
12
Q
What are the five things that hormones do
A
- Change the cells permeability or opening of ion channels
- Stimulate the synthesis of proteins
- Activate or reactive enzymes
- Cause secretory activity
- Stimulate mitosis
13
Q
Changing the cells permeability, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, activating or deactivating enzymes, causing secretory activity and stimulating mitosis are all the controlled by what
A
By hormones
14
Q
Stimulating mitosis is controlled by what
A
Hormones
15
Q
Activating or deactivating enzymes is the job of what
A
Hormones
16
Q
Why do hormones need to be destroyed or excreted
A
So levels can be regulated
17
Q
What are the three ways hormones can be destroyed
A
- Deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
- Some excreted in faeces
- Some rapidly broken down
18
Q
How are most hormones destroyed and where does this happen
A
Most are deactivated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
19
Q
Hormones are released in response to a what
A
To a stimulus
20
Q
Stimulating a hormone can only be by a internal stimulus, true or false
A
False, it can be external or internal
21
Q
As hormones create a change in the body do they continue to be released ?
A
No they stop being released once they created the needed change
22
Q
As hormones create changes in the body they stop being released, what is this an example of
A
Negative feedback loop
23
Q
How are negative feedback loops relevant in the creation and release of hormones
A
As hormones create change in the body they stop being released, this is an example of negative feedback loop as their is a stimulus which causes a response once this has happened the stimulus will stop and normal levels will return
24
Q
What are the three types of hormonal stimulation
A
- Humoral
- Neural
- Hormonal
25
What is humoral stimulation
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli
26
What is neural stimulation
Stimulation by the brain in response to situations. E.g fight or flight
27
What is hormonal stimulation
Hormones concentration circulating in the blood. E.g lots of growth hormone cause hormones to be inhibited
28
The stimulation by the brain is response to situation would be what type of hormonal stimulation
Neural
29
Humoral, neural and hormonal are all types of what
Hormonal stimulation
30
Hormones concentration circulating in the blood is what type of hormonal stimulation
Hormonal
31
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli would be what type of hormonal stimulation
Humoral
32
Anything in the blood besides circulating stimuli is neural hormonal stimulation, true or false
False, it is humoral hormonal stimulation
33
What is the anterior pituitary made of
Glandular secreting tissue
34
What is posterior pituitary composed of
Nervous tissue
35
The posterior pituitary is made of glandular secreting tissue, true or false
False, it is made of nervous tissue
36
What controls the release of the pituitary
The hypothalamus
37
The anterior and posterior pituitary release hormones under the control of the what
Hypothalamus
38
The hypothalamus release inihibiting hormones, how does this affect the pituitary gland
It tell the pituitary when to release and what to inhibit
39
What is known as the master gland
Pituitary
40
The pituitary is split into two, what are these
Anterior and posterior
41
What detects hormone levels
Hypothalamus
42
The blood supply the anterior pituitary has come from where first
The hypothalamus
43
Which out of the anterior and posterior pituary secretes more hormones
The anterior
44
What are the hormones which the posterior pituitary releases
ADH and oxytocin
45
Where are ADH and oxytocin stored in the posterior pituary and what releases them
They are stored in the axon terminals and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release
46
The anterior pituitary receives blood that has already been to the hypothalamus, what will the is blood contain that will help the anterior pituitary
Contain releasing and inhibiting hormones so the pituitary will release hormones that can inhibit other glands and know when
47
What are the five hormones the anterior pituitary releases
1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
5. Gonadotropin FSH and LH
48
Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and FSH and Lh are all released by the what
Anterior pituitary
49
What is the role of the growth hormone and what is it released by
Stimulates growth, released by the anterior pituitary
50
What is the role of prolactin and what gland is it secreted by
Secreted during pregnancy for milk production, released by anterior pituitary
51
What is the job of thyroid stimulating hormone and what is it released by
Growth and activity of thyroid gland, released by anterior pituitary
52
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone role and what is it released by
Controls stimulation in adrenal glands, released by anterior pituitary
53
What hormone controls stimulation in adrenal glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH
54
What is oxytocin and what is it released by
Targets uterine muscle and muscle cells of lactating breast during and after child birth, released by the posterior pituitary
55
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone
Retain water and reduce urine output, released by posterior pituitary
56
What are posterior pituitary hormones synthesised in
In the nerve cell bodies
57
What type of cells does the posterior pituitary consist of
Nerve cells
58
What are the hormones which the thyroid gland release
Thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3
59
T3 and T4 are released by what gland
The thyroid gland
60
Where is the thryoid gland located
In front of laryx and trachea in the neck
61
You find the thyroid gland near the small intestines, true of false
False, it is in the neck
62
What gland secrete and store colloid
The thyroid gland
63
What is colloid
Sticky protein material
64
What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland joined by
The isthmus
65
The isthmus joins what two things
The two lobes of the thyroid gland
66
Can T4 and T3 join the receptors inside the cell or on the cell membrane
They can move inside the cells to join to receptors
67
What is the thyroid gland made up of
Lobules which contain smaller cells called follicles
68
What do the follicles do in the thyroid glands lobules
Follicles store the hormones the thryoid sends out into your body
69
What do T3 and T4 do
Instruct the cells in body when to consume oxygen and nutrients which maintains the body’s metabolism which provide us with energy
70
What are the hormones called which instruct the cells in the body when to consume oxygen and nutrients, maintains the body’s metabolism
T3 and T4
71
Whe you need energy, how does the thryoid help
Sends out hormones to increase metabolism
72
What gland can send out hormones to increase our metabolsim
Thryoid gland
73
What hormone makes are heart pump harder and our cells break down nutrients faster
The thryoid
74
What hormone allows the cells to use energy, grown and reproduce
The thyroid
75
What is the thryoid controlled out
The pituitary gland in the brain
76
The pituitary monitors the levels of hormones in the blood, if there are too little of too many, it will send out instructions via what hormone
The thryoid stimulating hormone
77
What is hyperthyroidism
When the organ sends out to many hormones, overloading the cells to consume too many nutrients and oxygen, they are overactive as a result
78
What are the symptoms which a person with hyperthyroidism can experience
Faster metabolism, faster heart rate, constant hunger, repaid weight loss and feeling hot, sweaty, anxious and having difficulty sleeping
79
If somebody is having rapid weight loss, feeling anxious and having trouble sleeping, are they more likely to suffer from hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
80
What is hypothyroidism
When the thyroid sends out to few hormones meaning the body’s cells don’t have enough instructions to guide them
81
What are the symptoms that people with hypothyroidism experience
Weight gain, depression, sluggishness, sensitivity to cold and swollen joints
82
Having swollen joints, sensitivity to cold and weight gain are symptoms of hyperthyroidism, true or false
False, they are symptoms or hypothyroidism
83
What are the parts of the body which the thyroid doesn’t affect
The brain, spleen, testes, uterus and thryoid
84
What is Graves’ disease a result of
A over productive thryoid
85
What is cretinism a result of
A underproductive thyroid
86
What does the thyroid help to regulate
The body’s metabolism
87
The body’s metabolism is helped to regulate by which gland
Thyroid gland
88
Graves’ disease is due to an over productive thryoid, true or false
True
89
What is the function of FSH
Stimulates development of follicles
| Stimulates the production of sperm
90
What is the function of LH
Stimulates development of ovaries
91
What is the function of ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones
92
What is the function of ICSH
Stimulates testosterone production by the intestinal cells of the testes
93
What is the function of MSH
Promotes distribution of melanin granules
94
What type of pituitary gland releases MSH, ICSH and TSH
Anterior
95
How many parathyroid glands do we have
Four
96
What do the parathyroid glands secrete
Parathyroid hormone PTH
97
What does parathyroid hormone do
Regulates blood calcium levels
98
What hormone regulates blood calcium levels and what is it secreted by
Parathyroid hormone which is secreted by the parathyroid glands
99
Is blood calcium levels fall, what hormone is released
PTH, Parathyroid hormone
100
If blood calcium levels are high, what hormone is inhibited
Parathyroid hormone, PTH
101
How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels
By releasing calcium stored in bone
102
PTH and calcitonin work tighter to maintain what
Maintain calcium levels
103
PTH is complementary to what else, in order to maintain calcium levels
Calcitonin
104
Is something is hypocalcemia, what does this mean
Low blood calcium
105
Hypocalcemia will stimulate the what
Stimulate the parathyroid glands
106
When there is hypocalcemia, PTH is released how does this affect the bones
PTH activates osteoclasts and calcium and ions are released into the blood
107
When PTH activates osteoclasts in the bones, what does this release into the blood
Calcium and phosphate ione
108
How does low calcium affect the kidneys after PTH has been released
Increases calcium reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D
109
How will the activation of vitamin D from the kidneys affect the intestine when PTH has been released due to hypocalcemia
Is will increase calcium absorption from food
110
What are the three ways which PTH increases calcium levels in the blood
1. Activates osteoclasts in the bones
2. Increases calcium absorption from food in the intestines
3. Increases calcium reabsorption from the kidneys
111
PTH causes the kidney to increase calcium levels, what two ways does the kidneys do this
Increases calcium reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D which means more calcium can be absorbed from food in the small intestines
112
How many adrenal glands do we have
2 adrenal glands
113
What is the outer adrenal gland called
Cortex
114
The cortex is the outer of inner adrenal gland
Outer
115
What is the inner adrenal gland called
Medulla
116
The medulla is the outer or inner adrenal gland
Inner
117
The outer adrenal gland is called the medulla, true or false
False, it is called the cortex
118
What is a stressor
Any effect on the body that disturbs homeostasis
119
A stressor on the body can only be external, true or false?
False, it can be internal or external
120
When there is a short term stress on the body, this releases what two hormones
Adrenal and noradrenaline
121
Release of adrenal and noradrenaline are a result of what type of stress response
Shirt term stress result
122
What two hormones are released from the adrenal glands
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
123
Is the adrenal medulla part of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
124
The adrenal medulla produces what two things
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
125
What is noradrenaline
A neurotransmitter
126
Out of noradrenaline and adrenaline which one is the hormone and which one is neurotransmitter
Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter and adrenal is the hormone
127
What are the effect on the body when adrenal and noradrenaline are released
1. Heart rate increases
2. Blood pressure increase
3. Diverts blood to essential organs
4. Increases metabolic rate
5. Dilates pupils
128
Noradrenaline and adrenal are released by the what
Adrenal medulla
129
What does the adrenal medulla produce
Noradrenaline and adrenaline
130
When your heart rate increase, blood pressure increases, blood is diverted to essential organs, dilating pupils and increased metabolic rate. This means what two hormones have been released
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
131
The adrenal cortex produces what 3 groups of steroid hormones
1. Glucocorticoids
2, mineralocorticoids
3. Gonadocortidoids
132
The 3 groups of steroid hormones that the adrenal cortex produces is known as what
Corticosteroids
133
What is the role or glucocorticoids
Renault engine metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses and responses to stress
134
What is the function of mineralocorticoids
Regulation of electroyes in the blood
135
What is the function of gonadocortidoids
Where sex hormones are secreted
136
Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Gonadocortidoids are all produced by what and our known as the what
Known as corticosteroids and are released by the adrenal cortex
137
What type of corticosteroids regulate electrolytes in the blood
Mineralocorticoids
138
What type of corticosteroids are responsible for regulating metabolism, inflammatory and immune response and responsee to stress
Glucocorticoids
139
What are corticosteroids
Steroid hormone
140
Pancreatic hormones are secreted directly into where
The bloodstream
141
What are the three main types of hormones secreting cells in the pancreas
1. Alpha cells
2. Beta cells
3. Delta cells
142
What do alpha cells secrete in the pancreas
Glucagon
143
What do beta cells secrete in the pancreas
Insulin
144
What do delta cells secrete in the pancreas
Somatostatin
145
What type of cells secrete somatostatin in the pancreas
Delta cells
146
What type of cells secrete insluin in the pancreas
Beta cells
147
What types of cells secrete glucagon in the pancreas
Alpha cells
148
Alpha cells. Beta cells and delta cells are all types of what cells
Hormone secreting cells
149
Where are alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells found
Pancreas
150
What hormone reduces blood sugar levels
Insluin
151
What hormone facilitates entry of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue
Insluin
152
What hormone stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen
Insluin
153
If you have low blood sugar does this mean you have more of less insluin
Less insluin
154
Where is insluine destroyed
Liver
155
If you have more insulin do you have a high or low blood sugar level
High
156
Once it has been absorbed into the blood stream, what circulates causing the blood sugar level to rise
Glucose
157
An increased level of blood sugar sends a signal to the what type of cells
Send signal to the pancreatic beta cells
158
How do the pancreatic beta cells respond to an increased level of blood sugar
Secrete hormone insluin into the circulation
159
What hormone secretes insluin into the circulation and where is it found
Beta cells on the pancreas release insluin
160
Glucose enters the cell by what process
Facilitated diffusion
161
What is necessary for glucose to reach and be used by important target tissues in the body
Insluin is necessary for glucose to reach and be used
162
What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen
Glucagon
163
Where is glycogen stored
In the liver
164
What does glucagon activate
Hepatic gluconeogenesis
165
What is hepatic gluconeogenesis
When glycogen is converted to glucose
166
The convention of glycogen to glucose is known as what
Hepatic gluconeogenesis
167
When will hepatic gluconeogenesis happen
When blood sugar is low or you exercise
168
Having a low blood sugar level promotes what hormone to be released
Glucagon
169
Having a high blood sugar level promotes what hormone to be released
Insluin release
170
By glucagon being realised from where? What does this stimulate?
Glucagon released by the pancrease stimulates glycogen breakdown
171
By insulin being released from where? What two things does this stimulate?
Insulin released from the pancreas stimulates glucose uptake from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation
172
Where does hepatic gluconeogenesis happen
The liver
173
What gland makes melatonin
Pineal gland
174
What gland makes thymosin
Thymus
175
What is thymosin used for
Role in making t lymphocytes
176
Melatonin is made by what gland
Pineal gland
177
The pineal gland makes thymosin , true or false
False it makes melatonin
178
The thyroid gland releases what and what is this used for
Produces hormone thyroxine which regulates the rate of our metabolism
179
If the pituitary gland detects low levels of thyroxin it releases what hormone and what effect will this have
Releases tsh which stimulates the thyroid gland to stimulate more thyroxin which will bring the level of thyroxine back up to normal
180
What hormone does the testes produce
Testosterone
181
What does testosterone do
Controls puberty
182
What hormones do the ovaries produce
Produce oestrogen
183
What does oestrogen do
Influences puberty and menstral cycle
184
What hormone helps to regulate blood glucose concentration
Insluin
185
What hormone influences puberty and menstral cycle
Oestrogen
186
What hormone does the parathyroid hormone release
Parathyroid hormone
187
The thyroid produces what two hormone
T3 and T4
188
What are the 9 glands which make up the endocrine system
1. Pineal gland
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pituitary gland
4. Thyroid gland
5. Thymus
6. Pancreas
7. Adrenal gland
8, testes
9. Ovaries
189
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes and ovaries are the glands which make up the what system
Endocrine system
