Respiration Flashcards
Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is resourcing without oxygen, glucose is not completely broken down an less energy is released.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen.
The role of diffusion in gas exchange
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the air in the alveolus and the blood in the capillaries.
Balanced symbol and word equations for:
Aerobic respiration
And
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic: Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Anaerobic Glucose -> Lactic Acid + some energy C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 + some energy
In yeast cells:
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + some energy
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
The process of respiration releases…
Energy in living organisms
The role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation
The outer intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs up. At the same time, the muscles of the diaphragm contract, pulling the diaphragm down.
This increases the volume of the chest and cause a drop in pressure inside the thorax. Then air enters the lungs.
Opposite happens when you breathe out. External intercostals relax and in. Intercostals contract pulling ribs down and in. The diaphragm muscles relax. Pressure increases, volume decreases, forces air out of lungs.
Biological consequences of smoking.
Diseases
Emphysema:
Smoke damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and fuse together again, forming enlarged, irregular airspaces. This reduces surface area for gas exchange.
Lung cancer:
cells mutate and divide uncontrollably -> tumor.
Bronchitis: blocks normal air flow, so sufferer has difficulty breathing properly.
Effects of smoking on lining of air passages
Cilia are destroyed by chemicals in trachea and bronchi. Therefore, mucus isn’t swept away an clogs air passages. The smoke irritates the lining, making more mucus, which makes it worse.
The role of the stomata in gas exchange
the stomata allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf, to reach the photosynthetic tissues. They also allow oxygen and water vapour to diffuse out.
How is the structure of a leaf adapted for gas exchange?
The cells in the spongy leaf layer form the main gas exchange surface of the leaf. They absorb CO2 and release oxygen and water vapour. The air spaces in the layer allow these gases to diffuse in and out of the mesophyll.
The role of the stomata in gas exchange
the stomata allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf, to reach the photosynthetic tissues. They also allow oxygen and water vapour to diffuse out.
Respiration continues during the day and the night, but…
Plants
The net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light.
Demonstration that heat is produced by respiration
Soak peas in water for 24 hours (so they germinate)
A second batch of peas is boiled (to kill them)
Each batch washed in 1% bleach solution to kill any bacteria
Then rinsed in water to remove bleach
Place peas in 2 separate vacuum flasks
Leaving some air in each
It insulates contents so that temperature change can be measured
Leave for a couple of days
And measure temperature
Demonstration of the production of CO2 by small living organisms
Hydrogen carbonate indicator solution is normally orange but turns yellow if CO2 is added to it.
Organisms placed in stoppered boiling tube on gauze platform. It supports organisms above solution
Experiment to find effect of exercise on breathing rate
Subject sits quietly for five minutes
Count number of breaths in 5 minutes
Subject then carries out vigorous exercise for three minutes. Then sits down and records breaths per minute every minute until thy return to normal resting rate
