DNA and Inheritance Flashcards
Many mutations are harmful, but..
Some are neutral and a few are beneficial
Nucleus contains…
Chromosomes on which genes are located.
Genes exist in alternative forms called..
Alleles, which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics.
A gene is…
A section of a molecule of DNA and it codes for a specific protein.
Mutation is…
A rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited.
Define: dominant
A characteristic which will show up in the offspring even if only 1 allele is inherited.
Define: genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism concerning the alleles of a particular gene.
Define: recessive
A characteristic which shows up in the offspring only when both alleles are inherited.
Define: homozygous
When the two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are the same.
Define: heterozygous
When the two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are different.
Define: phenotype
The physical characteristics of an organism with respect to one or more particular genes
Pair of chromosomes in person that determines sex.
XX female
XY male
DNA ligases
Are enzymes that join cut ends of DNA molecules
After restriction enzymes
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific points. Different restriction enzymes cut DNA at different places. They can be to cut out specific genes from a molecule of DNA.
(Before DNA ligases)
Plasmids and viruses as vectors
They are vectors because it is the means of transferring the gene.
Process of cloning
1 Take unspecialized sematic cell from the animal you want to clone.
2 take egg from donor
3 enucleate egg cell
4 put nucleus from sematic cell into enucleated egg cell.
5 add chemical to make egg divide
6 implant cell into surrogate mother.
What is a DNA molecule?
2 strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases.
Adenine (A) -> thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) -> guanine (G)
monohybrid
simple one gene inheritance
monohybrid
simple one gene inheritance
Likelihood of mutations can be increased by…
Exposure to ionizing radiation and some chemical mutagens (eg chemicals in tobacco)
Transgenic
The transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species.
What are the two DNA strands called?
The anti-sense strand and the sense strand.
Only the sense strand codes for the manufacture of proteins in a cell
Define haploid
Having only one set of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell
Define diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell - one from both parents
