Cells and Cell Structure

Question 1

Function of the nucleus

Answer 1

controls the activity of the cell, contains genetic material

Question 2

Function of the cytoplasm

Answer 2

The living material that makes up a cell

Question 3

Function of the vacuole

Answer 3

filled with cell sap, a store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions, etc.

Question 4

Function of the chloroplasts

Answer 4

Absorb light energy to make food (photosynthesis)

Question 5

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 5

Forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside. Controls which substances pass in either direction. It’s ‘selectively permeable’

Question 6

Function of the cell wall

Answer 6

non-living material; made of carbohydrate cellulose. They are why plant cells have a fixed shape. Withstands pressure from absorbed water.

Question 7

What are tissues?

Answer 7

cells with a similar function grouped together

Question 8

What are organs?

Answer 8

A collection of several tissues carrying out a particular function.

Question 9

What is an organ system?

Answer 9

Jobs carried out by several different organs working together.

Question 10

Bacteria

Answer 10

Single-celled organisms.
They have:
-cell walls and membranes
-cytoplasm
-plasmids
no nucleus, but have a circular chromosome of DNA. some can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms.

Question 11

Protocists

Answer 11

single-celled organisms.
Some, like Amoeba, live in pond water and have features like an animal cell. Others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants.
A pathogenic example:
Plasmodium - causes malaria

Question 12

Viruses

Answer 12

smaller than bacteria, parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells. They infect every type of living organisms.
No cellular structure, but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid - DNA or RNA.

Question 13

Fungi

Answer 13

cannot carry out photosynthesis. Body is usually organised into a mycelium made from the thread-like structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled organisms.

Question 14

Animal Cells

Answer 14

They are multicellular organisms; usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; often store carbohydrates as glycogen

Question 15

What is an organelle? + some examples

Answer 15

Organelles are different structures within a cell.

• nucleus
• mitochondria
• vacuole

Question 16

Plant Cells

Answer 16

multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells ahve cellulose cell walls’ they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
Examples: Flowering Plants (eg cereal, maize) and a herbaceous legume (peas or beans)

Question 17

Living organisms do/need:

Answer 17

They require nutrition
they respire
they excrete their waste
they respond to their surroundings
they move
they control their internal conditions
they reproduce
they grow and develop