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A2 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Respiration definition.

A

The process that occurs in living cells and releases the energy stored in glucose

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2
Q

Examples of uses of ATP?

A

Active and bulk transport
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
Cell division

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3
Q

What are metabolic reactions?

A

Chemical reactions which take place inside living cells

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4
Q

Difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic large molecules are synthesised from smaller ones

Catabolic involves the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones

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5
Q

Structure of ATP?

A

Adenine
5 carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups

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6
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

When it is hydrolysed to ADP

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7
Q

Structure of Adenosine?

A

Adenine and ribose

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8
Q

Difference between AMP and ADP?

A

AMP has 1 phosphate group, ADP has 2

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9
Q

How much energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

30.5 kJ mol-1

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10
Q

How much energy is released when ADP is hydrolysed?

A

30.5 kJ mol-1

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11
Q

How much energy is released when AMP is hydrolysed?

A

13.8 kJ mol-1

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12
Q

Glycolysis definition?

A

The first stage of respiration, a 10 stage metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate

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13
Q

What are the 3 main stages of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation of glucose
Spitting of hexose biphosphate
Oxidation of triose phosphate

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14
Q

What happens in the phosphorylation of glucose?

A

2 molecules of ATP are hydrolysed and the released phosphate group is added to hexose to form hexose monophosphate. ATP hydrolysed again to form hexose biphosphate

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15
Q

Structure of hexose biphosphate

A

6 carbon compound

1 phosphate group at carbon 1 and another at carbon 6

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16
Q

What is NAD?

A

A non protein molecule that helps dehydrogenase enzymes carry out oxidation reactions

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17
Q

Structure of NAD?

A

Nicotinamide
Ribose
Adenine
2 phosphoryl groups

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18
Q

How does NAD become reduced NAD?

A

By the nicotinamide accepting 2 hydrogen atoms

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19
Q

What is hexose biphosphate split into?

A

Two 3 carbon molecules called triose phosphate

Each triose phosphate has a phosphate group attached

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20
Q

What happens in the oxidation of triose phosphate?

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen atoms from triose phosphate.

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21
Q

Why are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
The link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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22
Q

Which stage is anaerobic?

A

Glycolysis

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23
Q

Products of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP- 2 net gain
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate molecules

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24
Q

When is active transport used after glycolysis?

A

To transport pyruvate across the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane

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25
Q

What happens in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Link reaction

Krebs cycle

26
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated

27
Q

What enzyme catalyses the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

28
Q

Is any ATP produced in the Link reaction?

A

No

29
Q

Product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl co enzyme A

30
Q

How is acetyl CoA produced?

A

Carboxyl group removed from pyruvate
Produces acetyl group
Combines with Co enzyme

31
Q

Where do the hydrogen atoms removed from triose phosphate go?

A

The two molecules of NAD accepts the hydrogen atoms. This reduces NAD

32
Q

How to remember oxidation and reduction.

A

OILRIG
Oxidation is lost
Reduction is gained

33
Q

Role of NAD in glycolysis?

A

Aids dehydrogenase enzymes to remove hydrogen atoms from triose phosphate.

34
Q

Describe the shape of mitochondria?

A

Rod- shaped
Diameter of 0.5-1 micrometer
Length of 2-5 micrometers but up to 10

35
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2- inner and outer

Makes up the envelope

36
Q

What is the differences in the membranes of the mitochondria?

A

The outer membrane is smooth and the inner is folded into cristae
Inner membrane is less permeable to small ions

37
Q

What is an advantage of cristae?

A

Gives a large surface area

38
Q

What is found in the inner membrane?

A

Proteins that transport electrons

Protein channels associated with ATP synthase enzyme

39
Q

What is the space between the membranes?

A

Intermembrane space

40
Q

Describe the mitochondrial matrix

A

Semi rigid, gel like and fluid filled

41
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

Mitochondrial ribosomes
Looped mitochondrial DNA
Enzymes

42
Q

What takes place in the matrix?

A

Link reaction and krebs cycle

43
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

44
Q

What does the matrix contain for those processes?

A

Enzymes
Molecules of NAD and FAD
Oxaloacetate

45
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A series of enzyme catalysed reactions that oxidise the acetate from the link reaction

46
Q

Step 1 of Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl group (2c) combines with oxaloacetate (4c) to form citrate (6c)

47
Q

Step 2 of Krebs cycle?

A

Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated producing a 5c. 2H, CO2 and reduced NAD is released.

48
Q

Step 3 of Krebs cycle?

A

Repeat it step 2 to produce a 4c. 2H, CO2 and reduced NAD is released

49
Q

Step 4 of Krebs cycle?

A

4c combines temporarily and is then released from Coenzyme A. Substrate phosphorylation occurs to release ATP.

50
Q

Step 5 of Krebs cycle?

A

4c is dehydrogenated. Reduced FAD released

51
Q

Step 6 of Krebs cycle?

A

Further dehydrogenation. 2H and reduced NAD.

52
Q

How is oxalocacetate regenerated?

A

By rearrangement of atoms in the 4c, catalysed by an isomerase enzyme.

53
Q

How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cyle?

A

For 1 molecule of glucose there are 2 turns of the Krebs cyle. So two molecules of ATP per glucose is produced.

54
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The flow of protons, down their conc gradient through a channel associated with atp synthase

55
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The formation of ATP using energy released in the electron transport chain and in the presence of oxygen. The final stage in aerobic respiration

56
Q

Where do the protons come from?

A

When reduced FAD and reduced NAD deliver their hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain. They then split into protons and electrons.

57
Q

What happens along the electron transport chain?

A

The electrons from the splitting of the hydrogen atom is passed along the electron carrier chain. As electrons are passed along the chain, some of their energy is used to pump the protons into the intermembane space.

58
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

59
Q

What does each electron carrier have?

A

An iron ion at it’s core

60
Q

How is the proton gradient caused?

A

The accumulation of protons cause a proton gradient.

61
Q

What does the proton gradient generate?

A

A chemiosmotic potential also known as a proton motive force (pmf)

62
Q

How is ATP generates from pmf?

A

The inner membrane is impermeable to protons and the outer membrane has low permeability to protons. Protons can diffuse through a protein channel associated with ATP synthase enzymes.

A2 Biology (11 decks)

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