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A2 Biology > Photosyntheseis > Flashcards

Photosyntheseis Flashcards

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1
Q

What organisms use photosynthesis?

A

Plants
Algae
Some types of bacteria

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2
Q

What are organisms that carry out photosynthesis called?

A

Photoautotrophs

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3
Q

What number balances the photosynthesis equation?

A

6 infront of everything except glucose

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4
Q

What is a photon?

A

A particle of light

Each photon contains a quantum of energy

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5
Q

Describe carbon fixation?

A

Process by which Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars. Eg- photosynthesis

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6
Q

Why does carbon fixation require energy?

A

As it is endothermic

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7
Q

What was one of the early organisms to carry out photosynthesis?

A

2 billion years ago

Cyanobacteria

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8
Q

What is the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

The products of one are the raw materials for the others

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9
Q

When do plants respire?

A

All of the time

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10
Q

When do plants photosynthesise?

A

During daylight

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11
Q

What is the plants compensation point?

A

When photosynthesis and respiration proceed at the same rate so the is no loss or gain of carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is the name for the time taken for a plant to reach its compensation point?

A

Compensation period

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13
Q

What kind of plants reach there compensation point quicker?

A

Shade plants

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14
Q

How many many membranes do a chloroplast have?

A

3
Inner
Outer
Thylakoid membrane

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15
Q

Describe chloroplasts?

A

Disc shaped
2-10 micrometers long
Surrounded by a double membrane- outer membrane highly permeable

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16
Q

Granum?

A

Made of stacks of thylakoid membrane

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17
Q

Stroma?

A

Fluid filled matrix of chloroplasts

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18
Q

Thylakoid?

A

Flattened membrane bound sac

Contains photosynthetic pigments

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19
Q

Where does the light dependent stage occur?

A

Thylakoid

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20
Q

Where does the light independent stage occur?

A

Stroma

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21
Q

What is the intergranal lamellae

A

Connects the thylakoids within a granum

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22
Q

What is found in the stroma?

A

Enzymes
Starch grains
Oil droplets
Smaller ribosomes

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23
Q

What do you find in the thylakoid membrane?

A

Embedded proteins to hold the photosystems in place

Photosystems

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24
Q

Describe photosystems?

A

Funnel shaped

System of photosynthetic pigments

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25
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments?

A

Pigments that absorb a specific wavelength of light and traps the energy associated with the light

26
Q

Examples of photosynthetic pigment?

A

Chlorophyll A and B
Carotene
Xanthophyll

27
Q

What happens to the light captured?

A

It is funnelled down to the primary pigment reaction centre

28
Q

What colour do both types of chlorophyll a appear?

A

Blue-green

29
Q

What colour do both types a chlorophyll a absorb?

A

Red

30
Q

What are the different absorption peaks of chlorophyll a?

A

P680- PSii

P700- PSi

31
Q

What colour does chlorophyll b appear? What wavelength does it absorb?

A

Yellow green

400-500nm and 640nm

32
Q

What colour does carotenoids absorb? What wavelength does it absorb? What colour does it reflect?

A

Blue light
400-500nm
Reflect yellow and orange light

33
Q

What colour does Xanthophylls absorb? What wavelength does it absorb? What colour does it reflect?

A

Blue and green light
375-550nm
Yellow light

34
Q

What are the stages of the light dependent stage?

A

Light harvesting
Photolysis
Photophosphorylation
Formation of reduced NADP

35
Q

What is phosphosphorylation?

A

The generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of light

36
Q

What is the first step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

A photon of light excites a pair of electrons in the chlorophyll molecule

37
Q

What is the second step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

The energised electrons enter an electron carrier

38
Q

What is the third step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

As the electrons are passed down the election carrier chain they loose energy

39
Q

What is the fourth step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

This energy is used to pump h+ into the thylakoid space

40
Q

What is the fifth step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

Ferredoxin accepts the elections from PSi and passes them to NADP in the stroma. This reduces the NADP

41
Q

What is the sixth step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

As h+ accumulate a proton gradient is created across the membrane

42
Q

What is the seventh step of non-cyclic phosphosphorylation?

A

H+ diffuse through channels associated with ATP synthase enzymes. This flow of protons causes ADP and and inorganic phosphate to join producing ATP

43
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reduction of NADP?

A

NADP Reductase

44
Q

What happens to the oxygen from photolysis?

A

Some for aerobic respiration

The rest diffuses out

45
Q

What energy conversion has taken place?

A

Light to chemical

46
Q

Describe cyclic photophosphorylation?

A 
Only uses PSi
Light excites electrons 
Enter electron carrier system 
Pass back to PSi 
Small amount of ATP generated
47
Q

Which cells only contain PSi

A

Guard cells

To generate ATP to pump potassium into cells lowering the water potential for osmosis.

48
Q

What is the journey for carbon dioxide?

A 
Through stomata
Spongy mesophyll 
Palisade cells- cell wall
Chloroplast envelope 
Stroma
49
Q

First step of Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide combines with Ribulose biphosphate

This is catalysed by rubisco

50
Q

Second step of Calvin cycle?

A

This combination is an unstable 6-carbon-compound which immediately breaks down.

51
Q

Third step of Calvin cycle?

A

The product is 2 molecules of a 3 carbon compound Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP)

52
Q

Fourth step of Calvin cycle?

A

GP is then reduced (using the hydrogens from the reduced NADP) to triose phosphate (TP)

53
Q

Last step of Calvin cycle?

A

5/6 TP molecules are reused in the cycle to regenerate Rubp

54
Q

What is RuBp

A

Ribulose biphosphate

A 5 carbon compound present in the chloroplasts

55
Q

What is TP

A

Triose phosphate

A three carbon compound

56
Q

What happens in the stroma when protons are pumped into the thylakoid space?

A

The ph in the stroma increases to 8

57
Q

What do you know about rubisco?

A

Optimum at pH 8
Is activated by the presence of ATP in the stroma
Uses magnesium ions as a cofactor

58
Q

What role does ferredoxin play in PSi?

A

Activates enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle

59
Q

Why does the Calvin cycle only run in daylight?

A

Required products of LDS
- ATP and reduced NADP
For Rubisco to work
For the concentration of magnesium ions to increase in the stroma

60
Q

Roles of TP?

A

Glucose can be converted to starch, sucrose or cellulose

Some TP synthesises amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol

A2 Biology (11 decks)

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