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A2 Biology > Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

Neuronal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialised cells that can detect changes to the environment.

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2
Q

What are transducers?

A

A cell that converts one energy into another. - eg- electrical to chemical

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3
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

How the sensory receptors respond to a stimulus by creating a signal in the form of electrical energy.

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4
Q

What detects the change in light intensity?

A

Rods and cones in the retina- light to electrical

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5
Q

What do temperature detectors in the skin and hypothalamus detects.

A

Temperature change- heat to electrical

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6
Q

What is a pacinan corpuscle?

A

A pressure sensor to detect change in pressure on the skin

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7
Q

Describe the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Oval shaped

Concentric rings of connective tissue wrapped around the end of a nerve cell

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8
Q

How does the Pacinian Corpuscle work?

A

When pressure is applied the rings of connective tissue are deformed which push against the nerve endings

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9
Q

What causes the Pacinian Corpuscle to stop responding?

A

When pressure is constant

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10
Q

What can’t pass through the lipid bilayer?

A

Charged particles

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11
Q

Describe resting potential?

A

The sodium ion channels are kept closed
Some potassium gates are kept open
Potassium ions diffuse out the cell
The cell cytoplasm contains negatively charged ions
The inside is more negative that the outside- therefore is polarised

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12
Q

How is a nerve impulse created?

A

By altering the permeability of the nerve cell to sodium ions- by opening the sodium ion channels

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13
Q

What happens when the sodium ion channels open?

A

Sodium ions can move across the membrane down their concentration gradient.

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14
Q

What is the potential difference and how is it changed?

A

It’s the charge which is changed by the movement of ions across the membrane.

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15
Q

What change in potential difference is caused when creating a nerve impulse?

A

The inside of the cell becomes less negative compared to the outside- depolarisation

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16
Q

What is a generator potential?

A

The change in potential across a receptor menbrane

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17
Q

What is the relationship between the stimulus and the Sodium ion gates?

A

The larger the stimulus the more gated channels will open.

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18
Q

When will an action potential be initiated?

A

When enough Sodium ion gates are open and enough sodium ions enter the cell to change the potential difference across the membrane significantly

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19
Q

What is the initiation of an impulse?

A

An action potential

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20
Q

What is the ratio between sodium ions and potassium ions?

A

3 sodium ions are pumped out for every 2 potassium ions pumped in

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21
Q

What is the permeability of the cell membrane to NA/K ions?

A

More permeable to K ions so are able to leak out

Less permeable to NA ions- not able to leak in

22
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

To carry an action potential from the CNS to an effector

23
Q

Function of relay neurones?

A

To connect sensory and motor neurones

24
Q

Give 2 features of neurones?

A

Very long to transmit the action potential over a long distance
Cell surface has many gated ion channels

25
Q

What organelles do neurones contain?

A

Nucleus
Many mitochondria
Ribosomes

26
Q

Additional structures of neurones?

A

Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath

27
Q

Function of dendrites?

A

Connect to other neurones

Carry impulses towards the cell body

28
Q

Function of axon?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body

29
Q

What cells are associated with the neurone?

A

Schwann cells

30
Q

Describe motor neurone?

A

Have their cell body in the CNS

long axon

31
Q

Describe sensory neurones?

A

Long dendron
Cell body positioned outside the CNS
Short axon

32
Q

Describe the relay neurone?

A

Many short dendrites

Short axon

33
Q

Describe the Myelin sheath?

A

A fatty layer made up of Schwaan cells wrapped tightly around the neurone

34
Q

What are the gaps in the Myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of ranvier

35
Q

How do the ions move across the neurone membrane?

A

Jumps from one node to the next as the myelin sheath prevents ions movement

36
Q

How does the action potential move in non myelinated neurones?

A

In a wave movement

37
Q

Advantages of myelination?

A

Quicker transmission
Carry action potentials over long distance
Can enable a rapid response

38
Q

When are non-myelinated neurones used?

A

Coordinating body functions such as breathing and the action of the digestive system

39
Q

What is the cholinergic synapse?

A

Uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

40
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between 2 or more neurones

41
Q

What is the gap between a synapse called?

A

The synaptic cleft

42
Q

What is the distance of the gap between the synapse?

A

20nm

43
Q

What is the pre-synaptic bulb?

A

The swelling at the end of the pre-synaptic neurone

44
Q

What does the pre-synaptic bulb contain?

A

Many mitochondria
A large amount of SER
Large number of vesicles
Calcium gated ion channels on the cell surface membrane

45
Q

What does the post synaptic membrane contain?

A

Sodium gated ion channels

46
Q

What are the sodium channels made of?

A

5 polypeptides

2 of which have complementary receptors to acetylcholine

47
Q

By what process does acetylcholine leave and enter the neurones?

A

Exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

Transmission across a synapse- 1/4

A

Upon arrival of action potential calcium ion channels open. The calcium ions cause the vesicles to move and fuse with the membrane

49
Q

Transmission across a synapse- 2/4

A

The acetylcholine diffuses across cleft and binds to receptor sites

50
Q

Transmission across the synapse- 3/4

A

This causes the NA ion channels to open. NA ions enter the neurone.

51
Q

Transmission across the synapse- 4/4

A

This creates a generator potential. Once the potential reaches threshold potential a new action potential is created.

52
Q

What is the term to describe the jumping from one node to the next?

A

Saltatory conduction

A2 Biology (11 decks)

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