Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2 Biology > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the types of hormone?

A

Protein and peptide hormones

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Example of protein hormones?

A

Adrenaline, insulin, glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Example of steroid hormones?

A

Oestrogen and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormone can enter the cell?

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why can’t protein hormones enter the cell?

A

Proteins are not soluble in the phospholipid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A communication system using hormones as signalling molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are hormones released from?

A

Endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe endocrine glands?

A

Ductless
Consist of group of cells that manufacture and release the hormone directly into the blood in capillaries running through the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid gland 
Thymus 
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries and testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Example of exocrine gland?

A

Saliva gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Via the bloodstream

All over the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are target cells?

A

The cells that revive the endocrine signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are non-steroid hormones also know as?

A

First messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the first messengers do?

A

Signalling molecules outside the cell
Bind to the cell surface membrane
Initiate the release of the second messenger within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is usually activated when the non-steroid hormone binds to the cell?

A

The G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the G- protein do?

A

Activate an effector molecule- usually adenyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of the effector molecule?

A

Usually an enzyme

Converts an inactive molecule into the active second messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of adenyl cyclase?

A

Converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What may the second messenger do?

A

Act directly on another protein such as an ion channel

Or it may initiate a cascade of enzyme- controlled reactions that alter the activity of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

Anterior to the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal glands?

A

Each gland is divided into the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the layers in the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zone fasciculata
Zonal reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the zona glomerulosa?

A

Outermost layer

Secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the zona fasciculata?

A

Middle layer

Secretes glucocorticois such as cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the zona reticularis?

A

Innermost layer

Secretes precursor molecules- used to make sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the very outer layer of the adrenal gland?

A

Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of hormones are those released from the adrenal glands?

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Summary of the action of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex?

A

Hormone passes through the cell membrane and binds with a specific receptor in the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens in the cell once the steroid hormone has bind to the receptor?

A

The receptor- steroid hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to a receptor on the chromosome. This stimulates the production of mRNA for protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the role of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) ?

A

Helps to control blood sodium and potassium concentrations. There also help to maintain blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does aldosterone carry out its function?

A

It acts on the cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Role of glucocorticoids (cortisol) ?

A

Helps to control the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When is cortisol released?

A

As a response to stress or a result of low blood glucose concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does cortisol carry out its function?

A

By stimulating the production of glucose from stored compounds in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where else can cortisol be real eased from?

A

The zona reticularis, only if the correct enzymes are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are the precursor androgens taken up? What is their function?

A

Ovaries and testes and converted to sex hormones.

Regulate the production of gametes.

38
Q

Describe adrenaline?

A

Polar molecule
From the amino acid tyrosine
Cannot enter cells through the plasma membrane

39
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline not entering the cell?

A

As many cells have adrenaline receptors the effects of adrenaline are wide spread

40
Q

What is the main role of adrenaline?

A

To prepare the body for activity

41
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A 
Increases heart rate and stroke volume 
Dilates pupils 
Relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles 
Increases mental awareness 
Inhibits gut action 
Causes hairs to stand erect 
Converts glycogen to glucose
42
Q

What is unusual about the pancreas?

A

It has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

43
Q

What are the two secretions from the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic juices containing digestive enzymes

Hormones secretes from Islet of langerhans

44
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A group of exocrine cells in the pancreas surrounded by tubules

45
Q

What do the tubules from the acini form?

A

Intralobular ducts that combine to make up the pancreatic duct

46
Q

Role of pancreatic duct?

A

Transports pancreatic juices containing enzymes to the small intestine

47
Q

What enzymes are in the pancreatic juices?

A

Amylase
Trypsinogen
Lipase

48
Q

What does the pancreatic juices also contain?

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate- neutralises

49
Q

What does the islet of Langerhans contain?

A

Alpha and beta cells

- endocrine function

50
Q

What do the alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

51
Q

What do the beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

52
Q

What does the beta membrane contain?

A

Potassium and calcium ion channels

53
Q

When is insulin released?

A

When blood glucose concentration is too high

54
Q

Are the potassium ion channels on a beta cell normally open or closed?

A

Potassium channels are normally open to allow potassium ions to flow out

55
Q

How is insulin released? Part 1

A

When glucose concentration increases glucose enters the beta cell. This glucose metabolised to ATP. ATP closes the P ion channels.

56
Q

How is insulin released? Part 2

A

The accumulation of protein ions alters the potential difference across the beta membrane which causes Ca channels to open. Ca+ causes the vesicles of insulin the fuse with the membrane releasing the insulin by exocytosis

57
Q

What is the normal blood glucose concentration?

A

Between 4-6

58
Q

What is a person said to be if their blood glucose concentration drops below 4 mmol dm-3?

A

Hypoglycaemic

59
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

An inadequate delivery of glucose to the body tissues and brain

60
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

Mild- tiredness and irritability

Severe- impairment of brain function, confusion, seizures, unconsciousness and death

61
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

If blood glucose concentration is allowed to rise too high

62
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

If blood concentration is too low

63
Q

How many amino acids does insulin contain?

A

51

64
Q

What enzyme is activated when when insulin binds to an insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine kinase

65
Q

What effects does insulin have on the cell?

A

Vesicles containing glucose transporter proteins fuse with membrane- more glucose enters cell
Glucose in the cell is converted to glycogen
More glucose is converted to fats and used in respiration

66
Q

Where is a low blood glucose concentration detected?

A

Alpha cells in islet of langerhans

67
Q

What are insulins target cells?

A

Liver, muscle and other body cells including those in the brain

68
Q

How many amino acids does glucagon contain?

A

29

69
Q

What are glucagons target cells?

A

Hepatocytes

70
Q

What are the effects of glucagon?

A

Glycogen is converted into glucose
More fatty acids used in respiration
Amino acids and fats are converted into glucose

71
Q

What is the process of glycogen into glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

72
Q

What is the process of converting glucose to glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

73
Q

What is the process of amino acids and fats converted into glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis

74
Q

How can the hormones insulin and glucagon be described?

A

Antagonistic

75
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A condition in which the body is no longer able to produce sufficient insulin to control its blood glucose concentration

76
Q

When are diabetic people at risk?

A

After a meal rich in carbohydrates and sugars

After exercise or fasting

77
Q

How is type 1 diabetes also known?

A

Insulin dependent or juvenile onset

78
Q

What is thought to be the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune response
In which the body’s immune system attacks beta cells
Or
A viral attack

79
Q

What can a person with type 1 diabetes no longer do?

A

Synthesise sufficient insulin

Store glucose as glycogen

80
Q

What is type 2 diabetes also known as?

A

Non insulin dependent

81
Q

What problem occurs with type 2 diabetes?

A

As people age their receptors become less responsive to the insulin hormone

82
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration like in a person with type 2 diabetes?

A

Permanently raised

83
Q

Danger of a high blood glucose concentration

A

Organ damage

84
Q

What factors can bring an early onset of type 2 diabetes?

A 
Obesity 
Lack of exercise 
High refined sugar diet 
Family history 
Being of Asian or Afro-Caribbean origin
85
Q

How is type 1 diabetes normally treated?

A

Insulin injections

86
Q

What are the alternatives to insulin injections?

A

Insulin pump therapy
Islet cell transplantation
Pancreas transplant

87
Q

What is an insulin pump?

A

A small device which pumps insulin into the bloodstream through a needle permanently inserted under the skin

88
Q

What is islet cell transplantation?

A

Healthy beta cells are implanted from a dead donor

89
Q

What has new research into type 1 diabetes treatment found?

A

That stem cells could be used to grow new islets of langerhans

90
Q

How is type 2 diabetes usually treated?

A

Life style changes- diet, exercise and weight loss

91
Q

How can insulin be gained?

A

Extracted from the pancreas of animals

By genetic modification of Escherichia bacteria

92
Q

What are the advantages of the genetic modification method?

A

Less chance of rejection from immune system
Lower risk of infection
It is cheaper to manufacture
More morally accepted

A2 Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions