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Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whats the formula for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —— 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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2
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

The release of chemical potential energy from organic molecules

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3
Q

What is ATP

A

Phosphorylated nucleotide with 3 phosphate

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4
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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5
Q

What are the stages of glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation
    - becomes bisphosphate
    - requires 2 ATP
  2. Lyis
    - split hexose bisphosphate to triose phosphate
  3. Phosphorylation
    - go from triose phosphate to triose bisphosphate
  4. Oxidation
    - triose bisphosphate oxidised to pyruvate
    - Hydrogen is removed which is done by dehydrogenase
    - H reduced NAD
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Both

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8
Q

Whats the equation for glycolysis?

A

C6H12O6 —- 4ATP + 2NADH + 2 Pyruvate

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9
Q

Where is pyruvate moved after glycolysis?

A

Into mitochondria by AT

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10
Q

What are stuctures in mitochondria?

A

Matrix - space within membrane. Contain enzymes and DNA

Cristae - folded membrane, SA for oxidative phosphorylation

Outer Mitochondrial space - creates cellular compartments for aerobic

Inter membrane Space - where protons are pumped

Inner mitochondrial membrane - contain electron transport chain

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11
Q

What does oxidative decarboxylation take place?

A

In matrix

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12
Q

What enzyme removes CO2 from pyruvate?

A

Decarboxylase

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13
Q

What other molecule is removed when CO2 is removed?

A

H which then reduced NAD

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14
Q

What molecule is made when CO2 is removed from pyruvate?

A

Acetyl

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15
Q

What is the final product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix

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17
Q

What are products of krebs cycle?

A

oxaloacetate

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18
Q

How many carbons are in citric acid?

A

6C

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19
Q

How many carbons are in oxaloacetate?

A

4C

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20
Q

What are the stages of the krebs cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate
    - this releases CoA
    - makes citrate
  2. Citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate
    - 2 CO2 release
    - 3NADH made
    - FADH2 made
  3. One molecule ATP made
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21
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose in krebs cycle?

A

2 as each pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to molecule of acetyl CoA which is then used in Krebs

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22
Q

What is krebs cyle?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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23
Q

What is the penultimate stage of respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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25
Q

What are protein carriers called?

A

cytochrome

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26
Q

What are the role of NADH and FADH2?

A

To release protons and an electron

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27
Q

What chemical reaction take place between electron and cytochrome?

A

Reduction

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28
Q

What is the role of electron pairs in the electron transport chain

A

They move down chain and provide energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

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29
Q

What reaction occurs at the end of the chain?

A

e- + 2H + O — H2O

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30
Q

How does the final stage of respiration produce ATP

A

Protons are pumped to inter membrane space which produces electrochemical gradient

Protons then moved back down gradient through membrane bound enzyme

This acts as ATPase

Movement is called chemiosmosis

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31
Q

How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are produced in krebs

A

3 NADH

FADH2

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32
Q

What happens to the citric acid to produce oxaloacetate

A

Dehydrogenation and decarboxylated

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33
Q

What is the definition of substrate level phosphorylation

A

Metabollic reaction that results in production of ATP from another phosphorylated molecule

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34
Q

What is the definition of a metabolic pathway

A

A sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound

35
Q

How do weed killers effect plants?

A

Interfere with electron transport chain which means calvin cycle cant so no glucose is produced

36
Q

What kind of respiration produces ethanol as product

A

Anaerobic respiration

37
Q

What products are produced from aerobic respiration

A

CO2 and H2O

38
Q

How does cyanide effect respiration

A

Prevent pyruvate entering mitochondria

39
Q

Can glucose enter mitochondria

A

No

40
Q

What is meant by respiratory substrate

A

Biological molecules that is broken down to release potential chemical energy

41
Q

What is equation for RQ

A

Volume of O2 absorbed

42
Q

How many molecules of NAD are released in krebs

A

3

43
Q

What enzyme enables NAD to release hydrogens

A

NADH dehydrogenase

44
Q

How does alcohol effect respiration

A

Liver produces enzymes to detoxify alcohol but require NAD

This means less available NAD to be reduced during glycolysis, link and krebs

45
Q

Why are lipids good respiratory substrates

A

Release twice as much energy per g as have high amount of carbon - hydrogen bonds

46
Q

What is lactate oxidised to

A

pyruvate

47
Q

What happens to Hydrogen in the inner membrane

A

split into protons and electrons

48
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

A

Oxygen

49
Q

What is formed at the end of the electron transport chain

A

Water

50
Q

How many molecules of ATP does anaerobic respiration produce

A

2

51
Q

What is an obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that cant survive in oxygen

52
Q

Whats an example of an obligate anaerobe

A

Prokaryotes

53
Q

What is the term for an organism that can respire anaerobically and aerobically

A

Facultative anaerobes

54
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe

A

Respire aerobically and anaerobically

55
Q

Whats an obligate anaerobe

A

Only respire using oxygen

56
Q

Are all cells falculative anaerobes

A

No - only some and for short amount of time

57
Q

What is term for organism that only makes ATP with oxygen

A

Obligate organisms

58
Q

What is definition of anaerobic respiration

A

When organic compounds are broken down into simple inorganic without oxygen

59
Q

Is the electron transport chain involved in anaerobic respiration

A

No

60
Q

What is products of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

A

Ethanol and CO2

61
Q

What is product of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Lactate

62
Q

What is product of lactate fermentation

A

Lactic acid from pyruvate

63
Q

How is lactic acid made in anaerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate acts as electron acceptor fromNADH

64
Q

What catalyses reaction in anaerobic respiration

A

lactate dehydrogenase

65
Q

Where is lactate converted to glucose

A

Liver

66
Q

What happens to lactic to acid to detoxify it

A

Converted to glucose in liver but build requires oxygen

67
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen required to convert lactic acid to glucose in liver

68
Q

Why cant lactate fermentation occur all time

A

Not enough ATP produced

Accumulation of lactic acid cause rise in PH which denatures protein

69
Q

What is aim of fitness

A

To increase blood supply to remove lactic acid faster

70
Q

What is equation for anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate + H —– Lactate

71
Q

What is produced from alcoholic fermentation

A

Ethanol

72
Q

What is produced when CO2 is removed from pyruvate

A

Ethanal

73
Q

What is produced when H is added to ethanal

A

Ethanol

74
Q

In alcoholic fermentation what does the hydrogen from NAD reduce

A

Ethanal

75
Q

What is product from alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate - CO2 — ethanal

Ethanal + H (NAD - H) —- ethanol

76
Q

What are triglycerides hydrolysed to

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

77
Q

What happens to glycerol when being used as respiratory substrate

A

Undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to pyruvate

78
Q

What are steps of triglycerides when used as respiratory substrate

A

Triglyceride —- fatty acid and glycerol

Glycerol —- pyruvate

pyruvate — acetyl

acetyl + coenzyme a — acetyl coenzyme a

79
Q

How many molecules of ATP produced from one molecule of triglycerides

A

500

80
Q

Why do triglycerides have higher yield of ATP

A

Higher concentration of C-H bonds

81
Q

What is RQ if lipid

A

0.7

82
Q

What is RQ of alcohol

A

0.9

83
Q

What is RQ of carb and protein

A

1

84
Q

What is order of RQ from high to low

A

Lipid

Alcohol

Carbohydrate and protein

Biology (13 decks)

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