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Biology > 1.3 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1.3 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is role of Ca2+

A

Nerve impulse

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2
Q

What ions are used in nerve impulse

A

Na+ and K+

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3
Q

What is role of Cl-

A

Cofactor to amylase

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4
Q

How is water specialised

A

Polar regions

Less dense as solid as molecules fixed further apart

Cohesive and adhesive

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5
Q

What properties of water are advantageous

A

Good solvent

Coolant

Cohesive and adhesive

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6
Q

What is an example of hexose monosaccharides

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Is glucose soluble and polar

A

Yes

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8
Q

What kind of bonds does glucose form

A

Glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

What kind of reaction joins glucose molecules

A

Condensation reaction

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10
Q

What carbons join when glucose molecules join

A

C1 and C4

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11
Q

In alpha glucose where is OH group on C1

A

Below

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12
Q

What is the form of glucose in plants

A

Starch

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13
Q

What are the two forms of starch

A

Amylose - compact helix

Amylopectin - branch structure good energy store has 1-6 bonds

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14
Q

What is glucose stored as in animals

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

How is glycogen adapted to be storage molecules

A

C1-4 and C1-6

Gives branch structure

Compact

Insoluble

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16
Q

What is form of Beta glucose

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

How does Beta glucose bond

A

Upside down so form straight chain

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18
Q

What do microfibrils make when they join

A

Macro-fibrils

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19
Q

What chemical used to test for reducing sugar

A

benedicts and heat

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20
Q

What colour does benedicts go in presence of sugar

A

Red

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21
Q

What colour shows low levels of sugar

A

Green

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22
Q

If non reducing sugar is being tested for what else needs to be added to benedicts

A

Hcl to break double bond

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23
Q

What causes colour change in benedicts

A

Cu2+ ions being reduced

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24
Q

What tests for starch

A

yellow to purple/black

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25
Q

What are properties of a lipid

A

Non-polar and insoluble

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26
Q

What is term to describe lipid

A

Macromolecules

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27
Q

What is an unsaturated fat at RTP

A

oil

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28
Q

What is saturated fat at RTP

A

solid

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29
Q

What is structure of triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

30
Q

What bond do lipids form

A

Ester bonds

31
Q

What are benefits of lipids

A

Long term energy (high conc of c-h)

insulation

buoyancy

32
Q

What is example of sterol

A

Cholesterol

33
Q

What is structure of cholesterol

A

Hydrocarbon ring + OH

34
Q

What molecule is added to phosopholipid

A

Inorganic phosphate

35
Q

Which is hydrophobic part of phospholipid

A

Fatty acid tail

36
Q

Which is hydrophillic part of phospholipid

A

Phosphate head

37
Q

What structure do phospholipids form

A

Phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

How do you test for lipid

A

Emulsion test- mix ethanol with water and should form white layer

39
Q

What forms a peptide bond

A

amine and carboxyl group

40
Q

What catalyses peptide bond

A

peptidyl transferase

41
Q

What 2 forms are there in secondary structure

A

Alpha helix

Beta pleAted sheet

42
Q

What kind of bonds can occur in tertiary structure

A

Hydrophillic/phobic

H bonds

Ionic

Disulfide

43
Q

What happens in quaternary structure

A

When 2 sub units interact

44
Q

What is an example of quaternary protein

A

Haemoglobin

45
Q

What are the types of protein

A

Globular

Fibrous

Conjugated

46
Q

What are features of protein

A

Compact

Water soluble

Spherical

47
Q

What is structure of a conjugated protein

A

Globular with prosthetic group

48
Q

What is Fe2+ prostethic group for

A

Catalase

Haemoglobin

49
Q

What are features of fibrous proteins

A

Long

Insoluble

Strong

50
Q

What do fibrous proteins have lots of

A

Hydrophobic R groups

51
Q

What are three types of fibrous protein

A

Keratin

Elastin

Collagen

52
Q

What makes keratin strong

A

Contain cystine which has sulfur

53
Q

What is structure of collagen

A

3 polypeptide chains

54
Q

How to test for protein

A

Add sodium hydroxide

Add copper sulfate

Colour change to purple

55
Q

What is structure of nucleic acid

A

Pentose monosaccharide

Hydroxyl group

56
Q

What bond is formed between nucleic acid

A

Phosphodiester

57
Q

What forms phosphodiester bond

A

Phosphate group and OH

58
Q

What is sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

59
Q

Which nucleic acid have double carbon ring

A

Purines

60
Q

What nucleic acids are single carbon rings

A

Pyramidines

61
Q

What are purines

A

A G

62
Q

What are pyramidines

A

C T

63
Q

What is sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

64
Q

What replaces thymosine

A

Urasil

65
Q

What kind of replication is DNA replication

A

Semi Conservative

66
Q

What breaks bond in DNA

A

DNA helicase

67
Q

What joins nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

68
Q

What codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

69
Q

What is a codon made up of

A

3 amino acids

70
Q

What is stage called when DNA is translated to mRNA

A

transcription

71
Q

What is mRNA to protein called

A

Translation

Biology (13 decks)

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