1.3 Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is role of Ca2+
Nerve impulse
What ions are used in nerve impulse
Na+ and K+
What is role of Cl-
Cofactor to amylase
How is water specialised
Polar regions
Less dense as solid as molecules fixed further apart
Cohesive and adhesive
What properties of water are advantageous
Good solvent
Coolant
Cohesive and adhesive
What is an example of hexose monosaccharides
Glucose
Is glucose soluble and polar
Yes
What kind of bonds does glucose form
Glycosidic bonds
What kind of reaction joins glucose molecules
Condensation reaction
What carbons join when glucose molecules join
C1 and C4
In alpha glucose where is OH group on C1
Below
What is the form of glucose in plants
Starch
What are the two forms of starch
Amylose - compact helix
Amylopectin - branch structure good energy store has 1-6 bonds
What is glucose stored as in animals
Glycogen
How is glycogen adapted to be storage molecules
C1-4 and C1-6
Gives branch structure
Compact
Insoluble
What is form of Beta glucose
Cellulose
How does Beta glucose bond
Upside down so form straight chain
What do microfibrils make when they join
Macro-fibrils
What chemical used to test for reducing sugar
benedicts and heat
What colour does benedicts go in presence of sugar
Red
What colour shows low levels of sugar
Green
If non reducing sugar is being tested for what else needs to be added to benedicts
Hcl to break double bond
What causes colour change in benedicts
Cu2+ ions being reduced
What tests for starch
yellow to purple/black
What are properties of a lipid
Non-polar and insoluble
What is term to describe lipid
Macromolecules
What is an unsaturated fat at RTP
oil
What is saturated fat at RTP
solid
What is structure of triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What bond do lipids form
Ester bonds
What are benefits of lipids
Long term energy (high conc of c-h)
insulation
buoyancy
What is example of sterol
Cholesterol
What is structure of cholesterol
Hydrocarbon ring + OH
What molecule is added to phosopholipid
Inorganic phosphate
Which is hydrophobic part of phospholipid
Fatty acid tail
Which is hydrophillic part of phospholipid
Phosphate head
What structure do phospholipids form
Phospholipid bilayer
How do you test for lipid
Emulsion test- mix ethanol with water and should form white layer
What forms a peptide bond
amine and carboxyl group
What catalyses peptide bond
peptidyl transferase
What 2 forms are there in secondary structure
Alpha helix
Beta pleAted sheet
What kind of bonds can occur in tertiary structure
Hydrophillic/phobic
H bonds
Ionic
Disulfide
What happens in quaternary structure
When 2 sub units interact
What is an example of quaternary protein
Haemoglobin
What are the types of protein
Globular
Fibrous
Conjugated
What are features of protein
Compact
Water soluble
Spherical
What is structure of a conjugated protein
Globular with prosthetic group
What is Fe2+ prostethic group for
Catalase
Haemoglobin
What are features of fibrous proteins
Long
Insoluble
Strong
What do fibrous proteins have lots of
Hydrophobic R groups
What are three types of fibrous protein
Keratin
Elastin
Collagen
What makes keratin strong
Contain cystine which has sulfur
What is structure of collagen
3 polypeptide chains
How to test for protein
Add sodium hydroxide
Add copper sulfate
Colour change to purple
What is structure of nucleic acid
Pentose monosaccharide
Hydroxyl group
What bond is formed between nucleic acid
Phosphodiester
What forms phosphodiester bond
Phosphate group and OH
What is sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
Which nucleic acid have double carbon ring
Purines
What nucleic acids are single carbon rings
Pyramidines
What are purines
A G
What are pyramidines
C T
What is sugar in RNA
Ribose
What replaces thymosine
Urasil
What kind of replication is DNA replication
Semi Conservative
What breaks bond in DNA
DNA helicase
What joins nucleotides
DNA polymerase
What codes for an amino acid
Codon
What is a codon made up of
3 amino acids
What is stage called when DNA is translated to mRNA
transcription
What is mRNA to protein called
Translation
