Respiration.

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

-Catabolic, enzyme controlled reaction
-Provides energy/produces ATP
-Carried out by all living organisms
-Energy rich substrates are broken down
–High energy bonds are broken
-ATP formed by phosphorylating ADP.

Question 2

Order of aerobic respiration.

Answer 2

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain.

Question 3

Net yields from each stage of aerobic respiration from one molecule of glucose.

Answer 3

Glycolysis:
2 reduced NAD(ETC)
2 pyruvate(link reaction)
Net 2 ATP
Link reaction:
2 pyruvate
2 acetyl CoA(Krebs)
2CO2(exhaled)
2 reduced NAD(ETC)
Krebs Cycle:
2 acetyl CoA(2 cycles)
6 reduced NAD(ETC)
2 reduced FAD(ETC)
2 ATP
4 CO2(exhaled)
ETC:
10 NAD
30 ATP
2FAD
4 ATP.

Question 4

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 4

In the cytoplasm.

Question 5

The anaerobic stages of aerobic respiration.

Answer 5

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle.

Question 6

The aerobic stages of aerobic respiration.

Answer 6

Link reaction and ETC.

Question 7

The stages of glycolysis.

Answer 7

1) Glucose is phosphorylated into unstable hexose phosphate using 2ATP
2) Hexose phosphate splits into 2 triose phosphate molecules
3) Each Tp gets dehydorgenated by dehydrogenase to form pyruvate(3C)
4) Redox reaction occurs where Tp=oxidised, NAD=reduced
5) ADP gets substrate level phosphorylated to ATP using energy from the reaction.

Question 8

Aerobic respiration symbol equation.

Answer 8

C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O.

Question 9

Link reaction location.

Answer 9

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 10

Why is Oxygen needed in the link reaction?

Answer 10

So active transport can occur.

Question 11

Coenzymes used in aerobic respiration.

Answer 11

NAD
FAD
Coenzyme A.

Question 12

Link reaction process.

Answer 12

1) Pyruvate is moved into the mitochondrial matrix via active transport
2) Pyruvate is decarboxylated by decarboxylase to release CO2
3) Dehydrogenation(dehydrogenase) occurs and releases H atoms pairs which reduced NAD to reduced NAD
4) These processes turn pyruvate into Acetyl
5) Coenzyme A shuttles acetyl to the Krebs cycle= Acetyl CoA(2C).

Question 13

Krebs cycle location.

Answer 13

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 14

Krebs cycle process.

Answer 14

Coenzyme A goes to link reaction=Acetyl for Krebs:
1) Acetate from Acetyl CoA combines w/ a 4C compound to make a 6C compound, citrate
2) Decarboxylation by decarboxylase occurs releasing CO2
3) Dehydrogenation(dehydrogenase) occurs reducing NAD
4) These processes cause 5C compound to form
5) Decarboxylation occurs again & dehydrogenation to reduce NAD(2 times) & substrate level phosphorylation occurs forming 1 ATP from ADP, dehydrogenation to reduce FAD(1 time).

Question 15

Electron transport chain location.

Answer 15

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 16

ETC process.

Answer 16

1) Coenzymes dissociates, providing H+ and e-. The e- move through the proton pumps, giving them energy
2) Energy from the e- pumps protons against the concentration gradient into the intermembrane space
3) This forms a proton concentration gradient
4) H+ move by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthetase into the matrix
5) Energy from the H+ moving through ATP synthetase is used to phosphorylate ADP= oxidative phosphorylation
6) Oxygen react with protons and e- to form water. Oxygen is the final e- acceptor
7) 1 red NAD= 3H+ pumped= 3ATP made
1 red FAD= 2H+ pumped= 2 ATP made.

Question 17

What are the 2 other substrate options of no glucose is available?

Answer 17

Option 1= Triglycerides
Option 2= Proteins.

Question 18

Process of triglycerides being used as respiratory substrates.

Answer 18

1) Hydrolysis occurs to break ester bonds and convert triglyceride into glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails
2) Glycerol is converted to triose phosphate for use in glyciolysis(16 ATP)
3) FAT are split into many 2C fragments, then many acetyl for the Krebs cycle(500 ATP).

This produces more CO2 and H2O when O2 is needed for photosynthesis.

Question 19

Process of proteins being used as respiratory substrates.

Answer 19

1) Hydrolysis breaks the peptide bonds forming amino acids
2) NH2 is removed in the liver by deamination(ATP lost)–> ammonia–> Urea excreted
3) Rest of amino acid is pyruvate(used in lin) and Acetyl(used in Krebs).

Question 20

When is more ATP produced when proteins are used as the respiratory substrate?

Answer 20

If the amino acid chain is longer.

Question 21

Negatives of the breaking down of proteins.

Answer 21

Muscle mass is lost.

Question 22

Which process of aerobic respiration can occur if no O2 is present?

Answer 22

Glycolysis only.

Question 23

Anaerobic respiration in animals process.

Answer 23

1) Hexose phosphate converted to Tp
2) Tp is converted to pyruvate w/ the release of ATP and reduction of NAD
3) Reduced NAD reduces the pyruvate(and forms NAD) forming lactate(3C)
4) The now oxidised NAD can be reduced in glycolysis(cycle continues).

Question 24

Reducing/oxidising definition.

Answer 24

Reduce= Gain e-, gain H+.
Oxidise= lose e-, lose proton.

Question 25

Products of anaerobic animal respiration.

Answer 25

Net 2 ATP
2 lactate( when O2 level rise lactate is converted into pyruvate).

Question 26

Process of anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi.

Answer 26

1) Tp is converted to pyruvate w/ the release of ATP and the reduction of NAD
2) Pyruvate is decarboxylated, releasing CO2, forming ethanal(2C)
3) Reduced NAD is oxidised which reduces the ethanal to ethanol
4) The oxidised NAD formed can be reduced in glycolysis(cycle continues).

Question 27

Products of anaerobic plant and fungi respiration.

Answer 27

Net 2 ATP
2 ethanol (irreversible as have lost C atom).

Question 28

Uses of anaerobic plant and fungi respiration.

Answer 28

Brewing and fermentation.