Evolutionary history. Flashcards
Classification order.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Family
Genus
Species.
The 3 domains.
Archaea(extremophile bacteria)
Eukaryotic.
Eubacteria(true bacteria).
-Figured out from rRNA studying.
The 5 kingdoms.
Prokaryotae
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Proctoctista(mostly unicellular and don’t fit into other kingdoms).
Binomial name.
Genus species(underline species).
Species definition.
Individuals that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Classification definition.
Putting items into groups:
-Hierarchy
-Discrete
-Tentative(can change w/ more info found).
Evidence for closely related species.
-Morphology(outdated)
-DNA sequencing(fingerprinting)
-Comparing shape/structures of a common enzyme.
Convergent evolution.
2 species that look similar but don’t have a recent common ancestor.
Analagous features.
Features that look similar but have evolved independently because of similar habitats.
E.g. Dolphins(mammals) and sharks(fish):
-Fins
-Streamlined
-Propulsive tails.
Happens w/ convergent evolution.
Divergent evolution.
2 species that look different but have a recent common ancestor.
Homologous features.
Features that look different but have a common ancestor due to different habitats.
E.g. Bird’s wings and human arms:
-Pentadactyl limb.
-
Biodiversity definition.
-Number of species(richness)
-Equal number of individuals in each species(evenness).
Factors affecting variation on biodiversity.
Human impact:
-Habitat destruction, decreases
-Deforestation, decreases
-Pollution, decreases
-Climate change, decreases
-Rewilding, increases.
Extinction, decreases.
Geography:
-Closer to equator, increases
-Lower altitude, increases.
Simpson’s diversity index.
-Between 1 and 0(lower)
-Tells us how diverse an area is
1 - the sum of n(n-1)/N(N-1)
-n=total number of organisms
-N=number of individuals in each species.
Polymorphism definition.
The presence of more than 1 type of organism in a single species(multiple alleles for a gene).
Gene definition.
A section of DNA that codes for a protein.
Allele definition.
Different version of a gene(for different characteristics).
Polymorphic genes
2 or more alleles of a particular gene
A regular re occurrence
Opposite is monomorphism.
Genetic biodiversity definition.
Biodiversity of 1 species at the gene level.
Biodiversity occurs in alleles not individual genes within a species.
Factors increasing genetic biodiversity.
Crossing over in meiosis
Random assortment in meiosis
Mutations
Interbreeding.
Factors decreasing genetic biodiversity.
Selective breeding
Inbreeding
Natural selection
Captive breeding.
Ways to asses genetic biodiversity.
DNA fingerprinting
Identifying a gene and determining the amount of alleles, more alleles=higher biodiversity.
Natural selection definition.
Organisms w/ a selective advantage due to mutations that are better adapted to an environment=survival.
Types of adaptations that increase chance of survival.
Behavioural
Anatomical
Physiological (internal processes).
