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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiration definition

A

the breakdown of food molecules to release the stored chemical energy they contain

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2
Q

what are the two types of respiration

A

anaerobic
aerobic

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3
Q

aerobic respiration:

A

uses oxygen
happens in the cells of animals, plants and many other organisms
happens in the mitochondria

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4
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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5
Q

symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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6
Q

what form is energy released in from aerobic respiration

A

ATP

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7
Q

ATP:

A

used to pass energy from respiration to other processes that need it
present in all living cells
transfers energy between the process that releases it (respiration) and the process in the cell that uses it up

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8
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

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9
Q

anaerobic respiration:

A

glucose is not completely broken down and less energy is released
can occur when oxygen is in short supply - advantage
occurs mainly after exercise or at high altitudes
causes muscle cramps due to a buildup of lactic acid in the blood stream
need to oxidise lactic acid by using more oxygen - the volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygen debt

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10
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans/animals

A

glucose -> lactic acid (+some ATP)

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11
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast/plants

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+some ATP)

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12
Q

practical: effect of temperature in respiration in yeast

A

independent - temperature
dependent - number of bubbles/rate of respiration
control - time count bubbles for two mins, volume of yeast and sugar

1) make 4 water baths of different temps
2) get 4 boiling tubes and fill each one with 10ml of the yeast and sugar solution
3) place one boiling tube in each water bath for 2 mins
4) after 2 mins start counting number of bubbles released in one min

you put them in the water baths for 2 mins before you start counting bubbles to allow the yeast to acclimatise to the temp

disadvantages:
- could miscount
- temp was not controlled
- volume not measured carefully
- not all yeast was acclimatised

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13
Q

gas exchange definition

A

process of absorbing inhaled atmospheric oxygen molecules into the blood stream and offloading carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the atmosphere

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14
Q

define breathing

A

the process of taking air in and out of the lungs

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15
Q

define respiration

A

a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells, where energy is released from glucose so that all other chemical processes need for life can happen

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16
Q

what happens in gas exchange

A

the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells and binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

the carbon dioxide diffuses from the plasma of the capillaries into the alveolars is breathed out

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17
Q

alveoli adaptations

A
  • large surface area -> many small alveoli rather than one large alveolus
  • short distance for diffusion -> alveoli and capillary walls each one cell thick
  • high concentration gradient -> many capillaries/rich blood supply -> carries oxygen away from the exchange surface
  • moist -> gases can diffuse more readily
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18
Q

what do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles do

A

transport air to and from the alveoli

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19
Q

trachea:

A
  • cartilage in ‘C’ shape
  • open end oesophagus to allow food to move through via peristalsis
  • trachea subdivides into smaller airway passes - right and left main bronchus
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20
Q

bronchi:

A
  • cartilage forms complete circular rings
  • branches off further into bronchioles
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21
Q

lining of trachea and bronchi:

A

goblet cells - secrete mucus, this traps particles of dirt and bacteria

ciliated cells - covered in tiny hair-like structures (cilia). these beat forwards and backwards, sweeping the mucus and trapped particles out towards the mouth

dirt and bacteria are prevented from entering the lungs where they might cause an infection

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22
Q

how do the cilia prevent lung infections

A

they trap the pathogens in the mucus and sweep away from the lungs

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23
Q

alveoli:

A
  • this is where gas exchange in the blood occurs
  • oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli
  • carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli
24
Q

pleural cavity:

A

pleural membrane - separates the thorax from the lungs. it makes up a continuous envelope around the lungs, creating an airtight seal

pleural fluid - lubricates the surface of the lungs, so it doesn’t stick to the inside of the chest

25
Q

function of the ribs

A

protect the lungs

26
Q

intercostal muscles:

A
  • found in between each rib
  • help control the movement of air in and out of the lungs
27
Q

diaphragm:

A
  • dome shaped muscle separating the contents of the thorax form the abdomen
  • helps to control the movement of air in and out of the lungs for ventilation
28
Q

ventilation definition

A

moving air in and out of the lungs
- requires a difference in air pressure
- air moves from high to low pressure

29
Q

external intercostal muscles when inhaling

A
  • external contract
  • internal relax
30
Q

external intercostal muscles when exhaling

A
  • external relax
  • internal contract
31
Q

ribs when inhaling

A

up and out

32
Q

ribs when exhaling

A

in and down

33
Q

diaphragm when inhaling

A

contracts (flatter shape)

34
Q

diaphragm when exhaling

A

relaxes into a dome shape

35
Q

chest when inhaling

A

volume increases

36
Q

chest when exhaling

A

volume decreases

37
Q

air pressure when inhaling

A

inside thorax lower

38
Q

air pressure when exhaling

A

inside thorax higher

39
Q

air movement when inhaling

A

moving in

40
Q

air movement when exhaling

A

moving out

41
Q

tidal volume definition

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

42
Q

oxygen debt definition

A

amount of extra oxygen required by muscle tissue to oxidise lactic acid and replenish depleted ATP after vigorous exercise

43
Q

vital capacity definition

A

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled form the lungs after breathing as deeply as possible

44
Q

why does your breathing rate increase during exercise

A
  • your muscles are CONTRACTING MORE
  • so they need MORE ENERGY
  • so they need to do MORE RESPIRATION
  • so they need MORE OXYGEN
  • so the breathing rate has to increase
45
Q

immediate effects of exercise:

A
  • increased breathing rate
  • increase in tidal volume (amount of air breathing in or out of the lungs in one breath)
46
Q

long term effects of regular exercise

A
  • stronger diaphragm and intercostal muscles
  • increased number of alveoli
  • increase in vital capacity
  • increased rate of gaseous exchange
  • more oxygen delivered
  • more efficient removal of carbon dioxide
47
Q

examples of aerobic exercise

A
  • swimming
  • jogging
  • cycling
48
Q

examples of anaerobic exercise

A
  • sprinting
  • ice hockey
  • weight lifting
49
Q

practical: how intensity of exercise affects breathing rate

A

independent - intensity of exercise
dependant - breathing rate
controls - type of exercise, person, climate/temperature/humidity
uncontrolled - previous exercise, injury/illness, what eaten that day

C - change intensity of exercise, do 3 different intensities
O - use the same person (same age, sex, average exercise level)
R - repeat 3x and find average
M - measure breathing rate by holding hand on back and counting
S - keep the amount of time to rest between each exercise the same
S - same temperature of room

as you increase exercise intensity, the breathing rate increases as well

50
Q

effects of smoking: effects of carbon monoxide

A
  • carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin
  • carbon monoxide + haemoglobin -> carboxyhaemoglobin
  • irreversible reaction -> impossible to form oxyhaemoglobin -> oxygen can’t be carried to respiring cells
51
Q

effects of smoking: effects of tar

A
  • tar paralyses cilia -> cilia can’t get ride of excess mucus -> further irritation
  • settles in the alveoli and reduce the surface area available for gas exchange
52
Q

effects of smoking: lung cancer

A

carcinogens -> chemicals that increase risk of cancers (results in mutations) -> causes tumours -> blockages

  • smoking deposits tar into the lungs
  • tar is a carcinogen and increases the risk of cancers
  • in lung cancer a growth develops in the wall of bronchial tube
  • this can cause a blockage
  • unless the growth is discovered and destroyed, the cancer can spread
53
Q

effects of smoking: cilia

A
  • cilia get coated in tar, becoming paralysed-> can’t remove mucus with trapped pathogens -> increased risk of infections
54
Q

effects of smoking: bronchitis

A
  • the excess mucus collecting in the bronchi and bronchioles as a result of the destruction of the cilia means that irritants freely enter the lungs
  • this leads to inflammation called bronchitis
55
Q

effects of smoking: emphysema

A
  • the walls of the alveoli become thin and weak
  • coughing results in the bursting of some of the weaken alveoli and in the long term this reduces the lungs surface area available for oxygen absorption
  • also reduces the elasticity of the lung tissue so that breathing is painful and difficult
56
Q

nicotine:

A
  • nicotine is the addicting part of the cigarette -> has effects on the nervous system
  • releases adrenaline-. increased chance of heart attack

biology (23 decks)

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