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kidney Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is excretion

A

the removal of toxic materials and waste products of metabolism

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2
Q

what are the organs of excretion?

A
  • skin
  • lungs
  • kidney
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3
Q

what does skin excrete?

A

sweat

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4
Q

what does the water in sweat do?

A

helps keep the body cool in hot conditions, and it contains salts and urea

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5
Q

what do lungs excrete?

A

excess carbon dioxide and some water vapour

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6
Q

what do the kidneys excrete?

A

excess water, salt and urea

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7
Q

why is homeostasis essential?

A

it keeps the conditions in our body constant

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8
Q

what bodily conditions need to be kept constant?

A
  • water
  • salts
  • glucose
  • CO2 levels in blood
  • pH of blood
  • body temp
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9
Q

what % of the body does water make up?

A

60-70%

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10
Q

what is nitrogenous waste?

A

waste that contains nitrogen

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11
Q

why is glucose reabsorbed?

A

used in respiration to release ATP

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12
Q

why is water reabsorbed?

A

maintain concentration in blood

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13
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

control of water levels in the body

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14
Q

what is the role of the aorta in the urinary system?

A

blood supply to the kidneys
straight from the aorta - high pressure

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15
Q

what is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

homeostatic organ - controls water and salt concentration

excretory organ - concentrates nitrogenous waste to be removed

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16
Q

what is the role of the ureter in the urinary system?

A

tube in which urine passes out of the kidneys

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17
Q

what is the role of the vena cava in the urinary system?

A

removes the blood once filtered by the kidney

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18
Q

what is the role of the bladder in the urinary system?

A

stores urine before release

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19
Q

what is the role of the urethra in the urinary system?

A

tube to the outside
the wall contains two ring like muscles - sphincters

20
Q

what is the role of the nephron?

A

ultrafiltration/selective reabsorption

21
Q

what is the role of the renal artery?

A

brings blood to the kidney

22
Q

what is the role of the renal vein?

A

takes blood away from the kidney

23
Q

what is the role of the ureter?

A

takes urine from the kidney to the bladder

24
Q

what is the role of the renal pelvis?

A

when urine empties into from the tips of the pyramids
connects to the ureter which connects to the bladder

25
Q

what is the role of the renal pyramid?

A

parts that make up the medulla

26
Q

what is the role of the cortex?

A

contains tiny blood vessels
microscopic tubes -> start of nephrons. filters large molecules from the blood

27
Q

what is the role of the medulla?

A

where tubules run into. tubules eventually meet up at the tip of the pyramid. contains loop of Henle

28
Q

what is filtered in the Bowmans capsule?

A

blood

29
Q

what process occurs in the Bowmans capsule?

A

ultrafiltration

30
Q

Ultrafiltration:

A
  • blood enters the glomerulus from a high pressure
  • the blood vessel which removes blood from the glomerulus has a smaller diameter so the pressure is maintained
  • the pressure forces fluid into the Bowman’s capsule - glomerular filtrate
  • the blood in the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are separated by 2 layers of cells (with spaces between them to make them more permeable) and the basement membrane
  • these act as a filter, allowing water, ions and small molecules (glucose) through but not large molecules (proteins) and blood cells
31
Q

what gets selectively reabsorbed in the kidney?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea
  • sodium ions
  • chlorine ions
  • water
32
Q

why does glucose get selectively reabsorbed?

A

want all glucose back for respiration which releases energy

33
Q

why do amino acids get selectively reabsorbed?

A

want all amino acids back to make proteins via protein synthesis

34
Q

what is the loop of Henle used for

A

used to concentrate the urine

35
Q

reabsorption in the loop of Henle:

A
  • water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the descending limb
  • sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb to create a lower water potential in the tissue fluid so water moves out by osmosis in the descending limb
  • ascending limb is impermeable to water
36
Q

why do animals that live in the desert have extremely long loop of Henle’s?

A

to concentrate their urine and lose as little water as possible

37
Q

what is the distal convoluted tube used for?

A

to mop up any remaining reabsorption

38
Q

what is absorbed in the distal convoluted tube?

A
  • more sodium and chloride ions reabsorbed
  • more water reabsorbed
  • ammonium ions secreted into the filtrate
39
Q

what happens in the proximal convoluted tube

A

reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, sodium and chloride ions, urea

40
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A

selective reabsorption of water happens before the urine is collected in the pelvis and sent to the ureter

41
Q

what is the amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct dependant on?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which controls the water level of the blood

42
Q

what happens if ADH is not present?

A

channels not open -> water not reabsorbed -> urine concentration decreases -> volume urine increases

43
Q

what happens if ADH is present?

A

open channels in collecting duct -> allows more water to be reabsorbed
-> urine concentration increases -> volume urine decreases

44
Q

is there more or less ADH if more water is drank?

A

the more water drank, the less ADH

45
Q

how does the body know to produce more ADH?

A

water potential in the blood plasma is detected by hypothalamus, which sends a message to the pituitary gland to produce more or less ADH

46
Q

what does kidney failure mean?

A

the water and ion balance cannot be regulated, and the levels of toxic urea build up in the body

47
Q

what is one method of treatment of kidney failure?

A

kidney dialysis

biology (23 decks)

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