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biology > photosynthesis and leaf structure > Flashcards

photosynthesis and leaf structure Flashcards

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1
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

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2
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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3
Q

which organelle does photosynthesis occur in? what pigment is needed?

A

chloroplasts
-> need chlorophyll

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4
Q

when does photosynthesis occur?

A

in high light intensities

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5
Q

which part of the plant have the most chloroplasts and why?

A

palisade mesophyll cells
-> they are tightly packed and near the top of the plant

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6
Q

which part of the plant has no chloroplasts and why?

A

roots
-> they are not exposed to sunlight

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7
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

a green pigment that absorbs the light energy needed for the reaction to take place

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8
Q

rate of photosynthesis in darkness

A

low

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9
Q

rate of photosynthesis in low light

A

medium

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10
Q

rate of photosynthesis in bright light

A

high

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11
Q

function of the waxy cuticle

A
  • reduce water loss by evaporation by waterproofing the leaves
  • wax secreted by cells of upper epidermis
  • barrier to disease causing microorganisms
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12
Q

function of the upper epidermis

A
  • thin and relatively transparent - allows sunlight to reach the palisade mesophyll for photosynthesis
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13
Q

function of the palisade mesophyll

A
  • column shaped, thin and arranged close together
  • contains many chloroplasts and densely packed so that as much light energy can be absorbed as possible for efficient photosynthesis
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14
Q

function of the vascular bundles

A
  • contains the xylem which transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
  • contains the phloem which carries organic products of photosynthesis around the plant (e.g. sucrose and amino acids)
  • cannot transport starch because it is too big and insoluble
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15
Q

function of the spongey mesophyll

A
  • have fewer chloroplasts compared to palisade but can still photosynthesise
  • main gas exchange surface, absorbing CO2 in daylight and releasing O2 and H2O
  • loosely packed with large space, helps in the diffusion of gasses through leaves
  • saturated with water vapour, helps in absorption of gases
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16
Q

function of the lower epidermis

A
  • act as a protective layer, contains more stomata compared to upper epidermis to regulate loss of water and site of gaseous exchange into and out of cell
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17
Q

function of chloroplasts

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains the pigment chlorophyll which is green in colour
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18
Q

function of stomata

A
  • regulates water loss (transpiration)
  • site of gaseous exchange in leaf
19
Q

function of guard cells

A
  • control opening and closing of stomata to allow CO2 in during light to allow photosynthesis to occur
20
Q

how does the structure of a leaf allow it to be adapted for gas exchange?

A

spongey mesophyll
- loosely packed with lots of gaps
-> allows more SA for diffusion of gases
-> CO2 in daylight
-> O2 released

guard cells
- control opening and closing of stomata
- opens in daylight to allow CO2 for photosynthesis

21
Q

method to test for photosynthesis in plants

A
  1. remove a variegated leaf
  2. pour boiling water into a beaker
  3. dip leaves in hot water for 10-20 secs
  4. add 10ml ethanol to test tube and add leaf
  5. leave test tube in beaker of hot water for 5 mins
  6. remove leaf and rinse with cold water
  7. place leaf on dropping tile and cover with iodine
  8. if blue/black colour shows, starch is present
22
Q

results of the testing for photosynthesis in plants practical

A

green bit (with chloroplasts) changed colour as photosynthesis was taking place

23
Q

method to measure rate of photosynthesis using pond weed:

A
  1. put pond weed in water and move lamp 10cm away
  2. let plant acclimatise
  3. count number of bubbles in one min
  4. move lamp 10cm further away and let plant acclimatise
  5. count number of bubbles in one min
  6. repeat, moving lamp back until 50cm away
  7. repeat 3x and find average
24
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis:

A
  • light intensity
  • temp
  • CO2 concentration
25
Q

light intensity (limiting factor of photosynthesis):

A
  • as light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases
  • the graph levels off due to another factor becoming limiting (temp or CO2)
26
Q

carbon dioxide (limiting factor of photosynthesis):

A
  • as CO2 concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases
  • the levels off due to another factor becoming the limiting (light or temp)
27
Q

temperature (limiting factor of photosynthesis):

A
  • as temp increases, rate of photosynthesis increases
  • graph drops off because enzymes denature
28
Q

what does the number of chloroplasts in a plant affect?

A

the rate of photosynthesis

29
Q

what can the amount of chloroplasts be affected by?

A
  • disease
  • lack of nutrients
  • loss of leaves
30
Q

diffusion definition

A

the net movement of particles from a high to low concentration

31
Q

4 factors that influence the rate of diffusion:

A
  • distance
  • SA : vol
  • temp
  • concentration gradient
32
Q

active transport definition

A

movement of particles against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)

33
Q

is active transport an active process

A

yes, it requires energy from respiration

34
Q

examples when particles need to move against concentration gradient

A

small intestine - ileum
root hair cells - actively transport mineral ions

35
Q

use of nitrates

A
  • amino acids
  • proteins
  • chlorophyll
  • DNA
36
Q

nitrate deficiency symptoms in plants

A
  • stunted growth of plants
  • older leaves turn yellow
37
Q

phosphate use

A
  • DNA
  • part of cell membrane
38
Q

phosphate deficiency symptoms in plants

A
  • poor root growth
  • younger leaves turn purple
39
Q

potassium use

A
  • enzymes for respiration and photosynthesis to work
40
Q

potassium deficiency symptoms in plants

A

leaves turn yellow with dead spots

41
Q

magnesium use

A

part of chlorophyll molecule

42
Q

magnesium deficiency symptoms in plants

A

leaves turn yellow

43
Q

what minerals MUST a plant absorb through the soil

A
  • nitrate
  • phosphate
  • potassium
  • magnesium

biology (23 decks)

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