Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pe- Anatomy and Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration definition

A

The making of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How long does ATP last for?

A

During max intensity exercise it can only sustain energy for 2-3 seconds so to continually create energy for muscular contraction it needs to be resynthesied for ATP to be reformed again from ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose+O2= energy+cO2+H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Located in the muscles
  • The basic energy source for muscles
  • They have 3 phosphate groups and adenosine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is ATP broken down to release energy for contraction?

A
  • When energy is required the enzyme ATPase is released which initiates the breakdown of ATP.
  • It is the outermost bond of ATP that most interests ATPase.
  • Phosphate splits, breaking off
  • Creating energy for contraction
  • ATP becomes ADP and inorganic phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How long can energy be sustained for during max intensity exercise?

A

2-3 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you continually create energy for muscular contraction?

A

ATP must be reformed (ADP must become ATP again)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aerobic respiration (equation)

A

Glucose+O2=Energy+CO2+H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaerobic respiration (equation)

A

Glucose+X=Energy+ Lactate+H++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 energy systems?

A
  1. Aerobic System
  2. ATP-PC Anaerobic system
  3. Anaerobic glycotic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aerobic system (what occurs)

A
  • Glycogen is first converted into glucose
  • Sarcoplasm
  • 1 mol of glucose
  • 2 pyruvic acid
  • Is oxygen available? yes
  • Acetyl coenzyme A
  • Mitochondria
  • Oxaloacetic acid (bi-product of glycolysis)
  • Citric acid
  • Krebs cycle (occurs in matrix of mitochondria)
    . oxidates the citric
    acid by removing
    the hydrogen
    atoms from the
    compound which
    enter the final
    stage of the
    aerobic system
    (electron transport
    system).
    . Removal of
    hydogen means
    that only carbon
    dioxide and oxygen
    remain which
    combine to form
    carbon dioxide
    which is carried
    around to the lungs
    where it is breathed
    out.
    . Resynthesis of ATP
    as sufficient energy
    is released at this
    stage to resyntheise
    2 mols of ATP
  • Hydrogen (removed)
  • CO2 (produced)
  • Electron transport chain (occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria)
    . Water is formed when the hydrogen removed from the krebbs cycle and electrons combine with oxygen
    . Resynthesis of ATP- 34 moles of ATP
  • H20 is formed
  • 34-38 ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if O2 is present in the aerobic system?

A
  • Pyruvic acid combines with O2 and enters the Krebbs cycle
  • This system can generate up to 38 mols of ATP from 1 mol of glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ATP-PC system

A
  • Phosphocreatine is stored within the muscle
  • PC becomes P+C via the enzyme creatine kinase
  • The energy released when this chemical bond is broken is used to reform ADP + P= ATP
  • It’s a coupled reaction
  • 1 ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a coupled reaction in terms of the ATP-PC system?

A

The energy released from PC is coupled with the energy demands of ADP to reform ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long can the ATP-PC system resynthesise ATP for?

A

8-10 seconds but the first few seconds of intense muscular activity ATP is maintained at a relatively constant level but PC levels decrease steadily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anaerobic glycotic system (what occurs)

A
  • Initially stored glycogen is converted to glucose
  • Sarcoplasm
  • 1 mol of glucose
  • Glycolysis
  • 2 pyruvic acid
  • Is oxygen available?no
  • 2 mols of lactate and H++ (makes it acidic)
  • 2 ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Definition of aerobic

A

Making of energy with oxygen based on intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definition of anaerobic

A

Making of energy without oxygen at maximal intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition of oxygen debt

A

Lack of oxygen in the body and it’s size of debt is based on intensity and how long your exercising for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What energy system would a really intense activity rely on the production of energy from?

A

Anaerobic pathways like:
- ATP-PC system
- Anaerobic glycotic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What energy system would a decreasing intensity activity rely on the production of energy from?

A

Aerobic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the active enzyme involved in aerobic respiration?

A

Phosphofructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Definition of glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Differences between ATP-PC system and anaerobic glycotic system

A
  • The ATP-PC system produces more power and more quickly compared to the anerobic glycotic system
  • The anerobic glycotic system has a bigger fuel tank and doesn’t burn all of it’s energy as quickly as the ATP-PC system
  • Anaerobic glycotic system doesn’t fatigue as quickly compared to the ATP-PC system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many seconds after the ATP-PC system does the anerobic glycotic system have to contribute?

A

After about 10 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many seconds is there a power decline after the anaerobic glycotic system contributing so the aerobic system contributes?

A

45 seconds

28
Q

What is the duration of sustained ATP resythesis (ATP-PC system)

A

10 seconds

29
Q

What is the duration of sustained ATP resynthesis (Anaerobic glycotic system)

A

60 secs- 3 mins

30
Q

What is the duration of sustained ATP resynthesis (Aerobic system)

A

Unlimited

31
Q

What are the bi-products of the aerobic system?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

32
Q

What are the bi-products of the ATP-PC system?

A

Phosphate and creatine

33
Q

What are the bi-products of the anaerobic glycotic system?

A

Lactate and hydrogen++

34
Q

What is the effect of lactate and h++?

A

Muscles become extremely acidic from the pyruvate and h+ creating a burning sensation.

35
Q

Advantages to an athlete using the aerobic system?

A
  • More ATP can be resynthesised
  • Oxidation of glycogen and fatty acids do not produce an fatiguing bi-products
  • The body has substantial stores of muscle glycogen and triglycerides to enable exercise to last for several hours.
36
Q

Drawbacks of aerobic system to an athlete?

A
  • When we go from a resting state to exercise it takes a while for sufficient oxygen to become available to meet the new demands of the activity and enable the complete breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids.
  • Transport of fatty acids to the muscle is slow and requires 15% more oxygen than that required to break down the equivalent amount of glycogen.
37
Q

What are fats stored in the muscle called and what are they broken down into?

A

Triglycerides but they are first broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids before they go through the process of beta-oxidation

38
Q

What is the main difference between fat and glycogen metabolism?

A
  • More energy comes from 1 mole of fatty acids than from 1 mole of glycogen
39
Q

Definition of recovery

A

The return of the body to it’s pre-exercise state

40
Q

What does it mean when you are in ‘steady state’?

A

your 100% aerobic

41
Q

How is fat broken down?

A

Beta oxidation

42
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

The maximum amount of O2 that can be utilised by the body per minute of time. (it measures an individuals aerobic capacity)

43
Q

Limiting factors that prevent the body from using more and more oxygen?

A
  • Heart rate (maxes out)
  • Breathing rate (maxes out)
  • Stroke volume will only increase to a certain level
  • Tidal volume will max out
  • Fixed number of:
  • Mitochondria
  • Red blood cells
  • Myoglobin
44
Q

What does OBLA stand for?

A

Onset blood lactate accumulation

45
Q

Definition of OBLA?

A

Point at which the body is unable to produce enough oxygen to break down lactate build up

46
Q

When does OBLA occur?

A
  • it normally occurs at about 60% of a persons VO2 max in a healthy untrained subject but 80% in more highly trained athletes
47
Q

What occurs during the exercise period?

A
  • exercise begins
  • There is an oxygen deficit because the oxygen needs and supply differ
  • Oxygen requirement
  • Oxygen supply
48
Q

How do you work out oxygen deficit?

A

The difference between oxygen required and oxygen consumed

49
Q

When sub maximal exercise begins from a resting position why may all 3 mechanisms operate?

A
  • Energy needs during sub-maximal exercise can be catered for entirely by the aerobic system (oxygen supply meets demand)
  • In steady state
  • Increased oxygen supply can be catered for by cardiavascular and respiratory system.
  • When exercise first begins there is a sharp step change in intensity and oxygen requirements raise sharply.
  • Increase happens suddenly and the body systems needed to support this can’t respond instantly as heart rate, breathing rate, blood redistribution all take time to gear up.
  • During this period, the body incurs an oxygen deficit so anerobic respiration is required which is supported by both the ATP-PC and anerobic glycotic systemsuntil the aerobic system can gear up and supply once again meets demand.
50
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

51
Q

Definition of EPOC

A

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which normally would have been consumed at rest in the same period of time.

52
Q

ALACTIC debt

A
  • Volume of oxygen required to restore phosphagens used in the ATP-PC system
  • Takes about 2-3 mins to recover phosphocreatine in which time 2-3 litres of oxygen can be consumed
  • Involves the conversion of ADP back into ATP and PC
  • It is fast
53
Q

LACTACID debt

A
  • Volume of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid from the muscles.
  • Process of lactic acid removal takes an hour but it can be sped up by a cool down
  • But after 15 mins it gets ride of 50% of it so it takes longer to get rid of the second half
  • It is slow
54
Q

Definition of window of opportunity

A

It is the time immediately following exercise when your body is extremely responsive to nutrition.

55
Q

How many hours is the window of opportunity for protein?

A

48 hours and exercise induced muscle damage will be reduced (EIMD)

56
Q

How many hours is the window of opportunity for carbohydrates?

A

2 hours

57
Q

Carbohydrate window of opportunity (2 hours)

A
  • It triggers the activation of an enzyme that stimulates the production of glycogen
  • It’s important for loading muscles and the liver with stored energy.
58
Q

Exercise recovery

A

ALACTIC debt
LACTACID debt
Thermo regulation
- Temperature regulation and cooling
- Rehydration

59
Q

What is carbohydrate loading? (method)

A
  1. Reduce glycogen levels (1-3 days out of 7)
  2. Continue to exercise
  3. Then reduce training
  4. Eat high carb diet for last few days
    The bodies response is thankful that training is reduced so it stores 3.5-4.5 hrs of glycogen
60
Q

What is supercompensation?

A

The body is forced into storing more glycogen

61
Q

Advantages of carbohydrate loading

A
  • Increased glycogen stores
  • Delays fatigue
  • Increased time to exhaustion by up to 30%
62
Q

Disadvanatages of carbohydrate loading

A
  • Poor recovery in first 3 days
  • High irritability in first 3 days as not enough fuel to function
  • Increased risk of injury
63
Q

What is the priming effect?

A
  • If you start running at a hard pace with no warm up it takes a while for your body to adjust to start delivering oxygen to your muscles.
  • So a sustained burst of hard exercise in the warm up before a race will improve how quickly your body can process oxygen and deliver it to your muscles
  • it boosts oxygen kinetics and increases time to exhaustion
64
Q

What are the two stages to recovery?

A
  1. Fast replenishment stage
  2. Slow replenishment stage
65
Q

Fast replenishment stage

A
  • it’s the first stage of the recovery process and relates to the immediate consumption of oxygen following exercise.
  • oxygen consumed is used to resaturate myoglobin with oxygen and resynthesise ATP and PC.
  • It takes approximately 2-3 minutes
66
Q

Slow replenishment stage

A
  • Can take up to 2 hours
  • the oxygen consumed during the slow stage of recovery has several functions
    1. Removal of lactic acid- sped up by a cool down as it keeps the metabolic activity of the muscles high.
    2. Maintenance of elevated heart and respiratory rates- so they can work properly
    3. Replenishment of muscle gylcogen store depending on
  • type of exercise performed
  • amount and timing of carbohydrate consumption following exercise

Pe- Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions