Injury Flashcards

1
Q

How can injuries be classified as?

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
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2
Q

What does acute mean?

A
  • Sudden
  • Happens in the moment
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3
Q

What does chronic mean?

A
  • Slow sustained development
  • Culminating in inflammation
  • Develops over time
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4
Q

How can injuries be classified by which types of tissue?

A
  • Hard tissue
  • Soft tissue
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5
Q

What is hard tissue?

A
  • Bone
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6
Q

What is soft tissue?

A
  • Muscle
  • Ligament
  • Tendon
  • Cartilage
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7
Q

How are injuries classified by which types of diagnosis?

A
  • Open
  • Closed
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8
Q

What is open diagnosis?

A
  • Skin is broken
  • Usually bleeding
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9
Q

What is closed diagnosis?

A
  • Skin remains intact
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10
Q

What is a fracture?

A
  • It’s caused by external forces e.g. fall
  • Can be open or closed
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11
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A
  • A break that is open
  • The bone penetrates the skin
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12
Q

What is a closed/ simple fracture?

A
  • a clean internal break to the bone
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13
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A
  • A partial break to the bone
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14
Q

What is a dislocation?

A
  • Bones at a joint are forced out of it’s normal position
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15
Q

Soft tissue injury (muscle) - strain

A
  • Muscle is torn due to overloading (lengthening)
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16
Q

What is the cause of a strain?

A
  • Sometimes due to an ineffective warm up/ stretch
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17
Q

Soft tissue injury (ligament) - sprain

A
  • Torn ligament due to a twisting or wrenching at a joint e.g. twisted ankle
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18
Q

What is the cause of a sprain?

A
  • Fall, misplaced footing, loss of balance
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19
Q

Soft tissue injury (ligament) - Categories

A
  • Grade 1: mild damage, joint remains stable
  • Grade 2: Ligament stretched/ partial tear, joint is loose
  • Grade 3: Complete tear (rupture)
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20
Q

Soft tissue injury (tendon) - tendon tear

A
  • Complete or partial tear of the tendon
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21
Q

What is the cause of a tendon tear?

A
  • Excessive force whilst the muscle is lengthening
22
Q

What are the stages of injury?

A
  1. Inflammatory phase
  2. Proliferation stage
  3. Remodelling phase
23
Q

Inflammatory phase

A
  • Trauma- bleeding, swelling
  • Up to 72 hrs
  • use ice (only use heat once bleeding stops)
24
Q

Proliferation phase

A
  • Laying down of the new tissue (scar tissue)
  • Up to 8 weeks
  • Use heat
25
Q

Remodelling phase

A
  • Maturation of scar tissue (strength and extensibility)
  • Up to a ear or longer
  • Use heat
26
Q

Chronic injuries

A
  • Tennis elbow
  • Tendonitis
  • Shin splints
  • Stress fracture
27
Q

Tennis elbow

A

Repetitive strain caused by activities that involve loaded and repeated gripping and/or wrist extension

28
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • strain, overuse injury
29
Q

Shin splints

A

Pain in the tibia brought on by exercise or athletic activity

30
Q

Stress fracture

A

Repetitive force/ often from overuse

31
Q

P.O.L.I.C.E principle (treatment for acute injuries)

A
  • Protection
  • Optimum loading
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
32
Q

Protection

A
  • Rest and protection
  • If painful use assisted devices e.g. crutches
33
Q

Optimum loading

A
  • Through protecting, gentle motion can and should be encouraged as early as possible
  • Promotes optimum healing
34
Q

Ice

A
  • Applying ice may help manage the swelling around it
  • It can also help decrease some of the acute pain
35
Q

Compression

A
  • Compresion can be added by using an ace bandage
36
Q

Elevation

A
  • Placing your injured part on a stack of pillows
37
Q

Contemporary treatments

A

Cryotherapy
Water therapy
Ultra sound
Massage
Electro stimulation
Compression clothing
Hyperbaric chambers
Heat therapy

38
Q

Cryotherapy

A
  • use of cold temperature
    -decreases metabolic activity and slows down physiological processes
  • less pain (analgesic) because nerve activity is slowed down
  • Constriction of blood vessels during cold phase and flushes waste products like lactic acid out during the warm phase
    Benefits
  • reduce swelling
  • reduces pain and doms
38
Q

Water therapy

A
  • water based training
  • minimises impact on joint muscles and other connective tissues
    Benefits
  • maintains cv fitness without exposing damaged tissues
39
Q

Ultra sound

A
  • acoustic sound waves that generate mechanical disruption of deep tissue
  • penetrative heat
    Benefits
  • speeds up recovery
40
Q

Electrostimulation

A

Electrodes are placed on the skin emit a current which triggers the muscle to contract
Benefits
- offers pain relief
- assists muscular recovery
- training to support overload

41
Q

Hyperbaric chambers

A
  • high pressure of oxygen chambers which promotes recovery
    Benefits
  • speeds up recovery’
  • decreases swelling
  • 25x 02 delivery
  • stimulates blood vessel growth
42
Q

Heat therapy

A

Applying heat
Benefits
- blood flow increases
- hormone release (growth hormone)

43
Q

Massage

A

Applying mechanical pressure to soft tissues resulting in decreased muscle stiffness
Benefits
- improves blood flow
- increase muscle temperature
- reduces heart rate, anxiety, blood pressure

44
Q

Compression clothing

A
  • clothing that compresses limb/skin
    Benefits
  • increases heat protection
  • increases vr
  • reduces swelling
45
Q

TENS

A

Trans-electrical nerve stimulation
- cutaneous
- stimulates nerves
- cancels them out
- pain relief
(Around joint)

46
Q

EMS

A

Electrical muscle stimulation
- strengthen muscle
- optimal loading (vary intensity)
(On muscle)

47
Q

EIMD

A

Exercise induced muscle damage

48
Q

DOMS

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness
(EIMD causes this)

49
Q

What causes EIMD and DOMS?

A
  • excessive amounts of eccentric activity cause muscle soreness
  • plyometric training
50
Q

Factors contributing to doms

A

Micro tear within muscle
Excessive lactate accumulation in muscles

51
Q

Treatment of DOMS

A
  • cryotherapy
  • cool down
  • compression clothing