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Pe- Anatomy and Physiology > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

When does linear motion occur?

A
  • When a body moves in a straight or curved line with all parts of the body moving the same distance in the same direction at the same speed.
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2
Q

Force definition

A
  • A pushing or pulling effect on an object
  • An object at rest can be changed by the pushing or pulling effect of another object
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3
Q

Quantities of linear motion:

A
  • Vector quantity
  • Scalar quantity
  • Velocity
  • Inertia
  • Acceleration
  • Mass
  • Speed
  • Displacement
  • Momentum
  • Weight
  • Distance
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4
Q

Scalar quantity

A
  • A quantity which is fully described by magnitude alone
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5
Q

Vector quantity

A
  • A quantity which is fully described as both a magnitude and a direction.
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6
Q

Mass definition

A
  • The quantity of matter a body possesses
  • Always remains the same at any place
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7
Q

How does mass get bigger?

A
  • The greater the density and volume of the body the greater the matter and therefore the mass.
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8
Q

What is weight?

A
  • Force exerted on the mass of a body by gravity
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9
Q

What is weight measured in?

A
  • Newtons as it’s a force
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10
Q

Is weight a scalar or vector quantity?

A
  • Vector quantity
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11
Q

How is weight a vector quantity?

A
  • As weight always acts downwards from the centre of mass it has direction as well as magnitude.
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12
Q

How is direction and magnitude signified?

A
  • Direction is signified by an arrowhead
  • Magnitude is signified by the length of the arrow
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13
Q

Is mass a scalar or vector quantity?

A

Scalar quantity

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14
Q

Weight force equation?

A

Mass x gravitational field strength

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15
Q

What is the Gravitational field strength on earth?

A

9.8

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16
Q

What is inertia?

A
  • The reluctance of a body to move or change it’s state of motion
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17
Q

How does mass and inertia link?

A
  • The bigger the mass of an object the harder it is to move or change it’s motion and therefore the larger it’s quantity of inertia
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18
Q

Distance definition

A
  • A measure of the path a body takes in moving from one position to another, measured in metres
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19
Q

Displacement definition

A
  • The shortest possible route between the starting and finishing point of a body that has moved
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20
Q

What is the difference between distance and displacement?

A
  • The quantity of distance refers to the amount of ground an object covers during it’s motion
  • But displacement considers how far the position of the object has changed as a result of the motion.
  • Distance is a scalar quantity but displacement is a vector quantity
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21
Q

Speed definition

A
  • A body’s movement per unit of time with no consideration for direction
  • Measured in (ms-1)
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22
Q

Is speed a scalar or vector quantity?

A

Scalar quantity

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23
Q

Speed equation

A

Speed (ms-1)= Distance (m)/ time (s)

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24
Q

Definition of velocity

A
  • The rate of change of displacement
  • Speed of a body in a given direction
  • Measured in (ms-1)
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25
Q

Is velocity a scalar or vector quantity?

A

Vector quantity

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26
Q

Velocity equation

A

Velocity (ms-1)= Displacement (m)/ Time (s)

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27
Q

Acceleration definition

A
  • The rate of change of velocity of an object
  • Measured in (ms-2)
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28
Q

Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity?

A

Vector quantity

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29
Q

Acceleration equation

A

Acceleration (ms-2)= change in velocity (ms-1)/ time (s)
(Vf-Vi)
———
T

30
Q

Momentum definition

A
  • Momentum is the amount of motion a body possesses and is the product of mass and velocity
31
Q

Momentum equation

A

Momentum (kgms-1)= mass (kg) x velocity (ms-1)

32
Q

What are changes of momentum as a result of?

A
  • A change in velocity as mass remains constant
33
Q

Impulse definition

A
  • Impulse is concerned with the length of time a force is applied to an object or body and relates to a change in momentum that occurs as a consequence
34
Q

Impulse equation

A

Impulse= force x time

35
Q

What is a change in momentum synonymous to?

A

Change in acceleration

36
Q

What is impulse equal to?

A

A change in momentum

37
Q

What are the 2 reasons impulse is used in sporting activity?

A
  • Add speed to a body or object
  • Slow down moving bodies slowly on impact
38
Q

When will acceleration occur?

A
  • When the positive impulse exceeds the negative impulse
39
Q

When will constant velocity occur?

A
  • When positive and negative aspects of impulse are equal.
40
Q

When will deceleration occur?

A
  • When the negative impulse exceeds the positive impulse
41
Q

Newtons 1st law (law of inertia)

A
  • Everybody at rest, or moving with constant velocity in a straight line, will continue in that state unless compelled to change by an external force exerted upon it.
42
Q

Newtons 2nd law- Law of acceleration

A
  • F= ma
  • Acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
  • greater force= greater acceleration
43
Q

Newtons 3rd law- Law of action and reaction

A
  • Object applies a force upon another object, there is a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction exerted by the second object on the first
44
Q

What happens when force is applied to an object?

A
  • The velocity of that object changes constituting an acceleration
45
Q

What can a force do?

A
  • cause a body at rest to move
  • cause a moving body to accelerate
  • cause a moving body to decelerate
  • cause a moving body to change direction
  • cause a body to change shape
46
Q

When do balanced forces occur?

A
  • When 2 or more forces are in operation that are equal of size but opposite in direction
  • All the forces cancel each other out so that there is zero net force
  • An object or body will either remain stationary or if moving will continue to do so at constant velocity
47
Q

When do unbalanced forces occur?

A
  • Where a force acting in one direction is larger than that acting in the opposite direction
  • Object/ body will start to move or accelerate/ decelerate in the direction of the bigger force
48
Q

Net force definition

A
  • The resultant force acting on a body having considered all other factors acting.
49
Q

Vertical forces

A
  • Weight
  • Reaction force
50
Q

Weight force

A
  • weight= mass x gravity
  • always acts downwards from the centre of mass of an object towards the centre of the earth
51
Q

Reaction force

A
  • Always occur whenever two bodies are in contact with one another
  • Will always act at right angles to the contacted surface
52
Q

Horizontal forces

A
  • Friction (thrust in water)
  • Air resistance (drag in water)
53
Q

Friction definition

A
  • A resistive force encountered when two or more bodies in contact move past one another
54
Q

Factors affecting friction

A
  • Roughness of surfaces in contact- the rougher the surfaces the greater the friction
  • The greater the down force/ mass of an object the greater the friction
  • Warmth of surfaces
55
Q

Air resistance definition

A
  • The force of air pushing against a moving object, it is a form of fluid friction that acts on something moving through the air
56
Q

Factors affecting air resistance

A
  • Velocity of moving object (the faster an object is moving the more air resistance there is going to be)
  • Frontal cross-sectional area of the moving body (the larger the frontal cross sectional area the greater the effects of air resistance)
  • Shape and surface characteristics of the moving body (the less streamlined and rougher the surface of the moving body the more it will be affected by air resistance)
57
Q

What are free body diagrams?

A
  • they are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all the forces that are acting upon an object or body in a given situation
58
Q

What is a projectile?

A
  • Not in contact with the floor (got to be in air)
  • Said to have both a vertical and horizontal velocity
59
Q

How can changes to the velocity of the projectile be explained?

A
  • By air resistance
60
Q

What are the 2 forces that can affect the projectile?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Air resistance
61
Q

Factors affecting the horizontal displacement of a projectile?

A

. Velocity of release (increase in velocity of projectile will increase the horizontal displacement)
. Height of release (increase in height of projectile will increase the horizontal displacement)
. Angle of release (if the release and landing height are equal the optimum angle of release is 45 degrees) e.g. pass in football

62
Q

If the release height is greater than the landing height what is the optimum angle?

A
  • less than 45 degrees (shot put)
63
Q

If the release height is less than the landing height what is the optimum angle?

A
  • greater than 45 degrees (bunker shot in golf)
64
Q

How is a steep parabola produced?

A
  • When the vertical component is much larger than the horizontal component
65
Q

How is a less steep parabola produced?

A
  • When the horizontal component is greater than the vertical component
66
Q

What is angular motion?

A
  • Occurs whenever a force acts outside the centre of mass of body or object (eccentric force) and is necessary if rotation is to occur. E.g. gymnast performing a back flip will lean backwards just before take off)
67
Q

Definition of eccentric force

A
  • A force applied outside the centre of mass of an object or body. (Causes angular motion).
68
Q

Moment of inertia (definition)

A
  • A measure of the resistance of a body to change it’s state of angular motion (measure in kgm2)
69
Q

Factors depending on moment of inertia

A
  • mass of object (greater mass the greater the moment of inertia)
  • distribution of mass from the axis of rotation (further the mass is distributed away from axis of rotation the greater the moment of inertia
70
Q

Angular velocity definition

A
  • angular displacement travelled in a specified time
71
Q

Relationship between angular velocity and momentum of inertia?

A
  • inversely proportional
  • moi x av= ang momentum
  • when a object is rotation its momentum is conserved
  • if moi is altered it will affect the velocity
  • e.g. if a spinning skate beings their arms outwards av will decrease
72
Q

Angular momentum equation

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity

Pe- Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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