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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen

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2
Q

what is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H1206 +602 –> 6Co2 + 6H2O + energy

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3
Q

what is the first stage of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, it takes place in the cytosol

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4
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

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5
Q

is glycolysis a high or low energy process

A

low energy

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6
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid, 2ATP molecules, water

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7
Q

is stage 2 aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic, O2 is needed

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8
Q

Q
where does stage two take place

A

in the mitochondria

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9
Q

what is formed from pyruvate in stage two

A

acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl coA)

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10
Q

how does NADH form

A

pyruvic acid loses two high energy electrons which combine with NAD+ and a proton to form NADH

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11
Q

Q
where does NADH go at the end of stage two

A

it enters an electron transport system

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12
Q

where does acetyl coA go after being formed in stage two

A

it enters a series of reactions called the krebs cycle

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13
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

the lumen of the mitochondria

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14
Q

is oxygen required for the krebs cycle

A

yes

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15
Q

what happens to the acetyl coA during the krebs cycle

A

it is broken down into carbon dioxide and protons

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16
Q

describe the main events of the krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6 carbon molecule. 2. this 6 carbon molecule is broken down by releasing a Co2 and removing 2H which containes 2 electrons. 3. these two electrons and a proton combine with NAD+ to form NADH. 4. The five-carbon molecule releases another Co2 and 2H to form NADH. 5. one molecule of ATP + water are made from ATP + P. 6. another 2H are removed to form NADH.

17
Q

what are the products of the krebs cycle

A

3 NADH molecules, two Co2 molecules, one ATP + water

18
Q

outline the main events of the electron transport system

A

NADH formed in the krebs cycle enters an eectron transport chain. High energy electrons are passed from the NADH to electron acceptors. As this happens, energy is released and is used to form ATP and the rest is lost as heat . At the end of each system, the now low energy electron is removed by combining it with oxygen and hydrogen to form water.

19
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP by the electron transport system, as it requires oxygen and phosphate

20
Q

where does the electron transport system take place?

A

in the mitochondria

21
Q

what is fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration is called fermentation… two types: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

22
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation

A

occurs in some anaerobic bacteria, fungi and animal cells when there is not enough oxygen. glucose -> 2 lactic acid + small amout of energy

23
Q

describe alcohol fermentation

A

takes place in bacteria, some fungi and plants when they are deprived of oxygen. this involves the partial breakdown of glucose. glucose -> 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide + small amount of energy

24
Q

how are micro-organisms used in bioprocessing

A

bacteria can be used to make yoghurts, antibiotics. yeast can be used to make beer + wine, fungi can produce antibiotics + citric acid

25
Q

define ADP

A

Adenosine DiPhosphate- it is a low energy molecule found in the cells of all organisms

26
Q

what is ADP made of

A

the base adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and two phosphate groups

27
Q

what is ATP and how is it made?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate- is ADP + another phosphagte group. it is a high energy molecule

28
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

it is the process of adding a phosphate group e.g ADP + P = ATP

29
Q

what is NADP+

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate- low energy molecule involved in photosynthesis. it can join with high energy electrons to form NADPH

30
Q

define reduction

A

the addition of electrons to a molecule e.g when NADP+ combines with electrons to form NADPH

31
Q

what are energy carriers?

A

molecules that can trap and transfer energy in the form of high energy electrons e.g ATP, ADP, NAD+, NADP+

Biology (8 decks)

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