respiration

Question 1

atp shape

Answer 1

adenosine triphosphate
3 phosphate

Question 2

exergonic and endergonic reactions

Answer 2

exergonic are where the reactions liberate net energy
endergonic reactions require net energy input

Question 3

glycolysis

Answer 3

it starts as glucose (6c) where 2 ATP are phosphorylated
fructose bisphosphate (6c with 2 phosphate)
the molecule is split into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3c one phosphate)
another phosphate is added (3c 2 phosphate)
NAD+ is oxidated to NADH total of 2 NADH
and 2ADP is dephosphorylation to create 2 ATP
total 4ATP
creating 2 3c pyruvate and a net gain of 2ATP

Question 4

enzymes

Answer 4

most enzymes are proteins, but catalytic RNA molecules exist
convert substrates to products and emerge themselves unchanged from chemical reactions
lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus increase the reaction rate
greater substrate specificity than other catalysts
work optimally in certain temperature and ph range

Question 5

link reaction

Answer 5

pyruvate has NAD+ which is dehydrogenation into NADH.
a carbon is removed with decarboxylation. then coenzyme A
creating ACETYL coenzyme A

Question 6

kerbs cycle

Answer 6

acetyl coA removes the coA leaving six carbon molecules formes citrate
a co2 is removed and NAD+ is dehydronysed to NADH (repeated again) (4c)
ADP is phosphorolated into ATP
FAD is dehdrolased to FADH2 and NAD and is dehdrroglised to NADH
creating a oxaloacetate
mitochondria

Question 7

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

NADH and succinate formed during glycolysis, pyruvate decarbocylation and the RCA cycle are oxidised by the mitochondrial respiratory chain
4 enzymes located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, transporting electrons through a series of REDOX reactions to eventually reduce oxygen to water
the mitochondrial electron transfer is coupled to proton translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane
establishes an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, the protonmotive force, that drives ATP synthesis

Question 8

amino acid structure

Answer 8

H H O
H-N-C-C-OH
R
amine group
variable chain
carboxylic acid group
form peptide bonds

Question 9

protein

Answer 9

some folding forces
disulphide bridge formation
hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic interactions
quaternary protein structure
non covalent reactions

Question 10

fatty acids

Answer 10

carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon side chains- linked by glycerol by ester bonds that result from condensation between hydroxyl groups