REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS

Question 1

Case study: covid-19

Answer 1

immunity arises from adaptive immunity

It is a virus classified as a category 3 hazard group, it caused a pandemic.
Effects by:
airborne
Droplets
Direct contact
Indirect contact

Symptoms:
Cold and flu like symptoms
Difficulty breathing
Viral pneumonia
Intubation and oxygen
Secondary infections by bacteria

Vaccines are the therapeutic of choice and can either block the virus from replicating or kill the virus.

Question 2

Transmission routes:

Answer 2

Respiratory
faecal -oral
Sexually transmitted infections
Clinical specimens
Vector
Direct contact
Fomite

Question 3

Ebola virus case study

Answer 3

It is classified as a category 4 hazard group, causes epidemic with 6 strands and spreads via animals and consumption of the animal products.

Ebola targets specific cells:

Liver cells, IS cells and endothelial cells (lining of blood vessels)
Glycoproteins disrupts cell adhesions in the cells
Haemorrhaging from blood vessel damage
Organ failure

Vaccines are used: they are 70-100% effective, the vaccine is engineered to encode ebola’s surface glycoproteins.

Question 4

Influenza virus:

Answer 4

Catagorised as a category 2 hazard group, causes regular epidemics.

Infects by:
Airborne
Droplets
Direct contact
Indirect contact

After infection the body develops antibodies in response to antigens.

Question 5

MRSA bacteria

Answer 5

Infects by:

Faecal contamination
Contaminated equipment
Contaminated hands
Oral acquisitions

MRSA causes host immune response because of varying virulence factors

Symptoms of infection include skin redness, swelling

Antibiotics are the therapeutic of choice:
Vancomycin
Clindamycin
Daptomycin
linezoids

Question 6

Cases study Giardiasis

Answer 6

Classified as a hazard group 2, protozoan intestinal parasite
Use both innate and adaptive repose.