Respiration Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
What does glucose get phosphorylated to?
Hexose bisphosphate
Using 2 ATP
What does hexose bisphosphate get split into?
2x Triose bisphosphate
What does triose bisphosphate get oxidised into?
Pyruvate
Producing 2 ATP and 1 reduced NAD
What is the overall net gain from glycolysis?
2x pyruvate
2x ATP
2x NADH
Where does link reaction take place?
matrix of mitrochondria
What does oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produce?
acetyl group and coenzyme A
= acetylcoenzyme A
producing CO2 and NADH
What are NAD and FAD?
coenzymes
How many protons does FAD accept?
2
How many protons does NAD accept?
1
Where does krebs cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix
What does acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate produce?
citrate (6C) and CoA (which now leaves krebs cycle)
What is produced from citric acid?
5 carbon-compound
Producing CO2 and NADH
What is produced from 5 carbon-compound?
4 carbon-compound
producing CO2 and NADH
What process does the citrate keep going through until oxaloacetate is produced again?
decarboxylation, dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation
producing per pyruvate (would be 2x for each glucose molecule)
2x CO2
1x ATP
3x NADH
1x FADH2
How many ATP does reduced NAD produce?
3
How many ATP does reduced FAD produce?
2
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
membrane of cristae
What is the process called when protons diffuse back down a conc gradient and ATP is produced?
chemiosmosis
What is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
What do the hydrogen atoms from coenzymes dissociate into?
H+ and e-
What do electron carriers use the energy from the electron transport chain for?
to pump protons into the intermembrane space
What do protons diffuse through back into the matrix?
ATP synthase
What is the overall net production of ATP per glucose molecule?
32
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
production of ATP from an inorganic phosphate ion combining with ADP from creatine phosphate
What are three different categories dependant on their need for oxygen?
obligate anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
obligate aerobes
What is a obligate anaerobe?
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
what is a facultative anaerobe?
synthesis ATP by oxygen if available otherwise switch to anaerobic e.g yeast
What is obligate aerobe?
can only synthesis ATP in the presence of oxygen e.g mammals but muscle cells might be classified as a facultative anaerobe
Which stage of respiration occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic?
Glycolysis
What does pyruvate go to in alcoholic fermentation?
ethanal then ethanol
producing CO2 and uses NADH
What does pyruvate go to in lactate fermentation?
lactate
using NADH
What enzyme coverts pyruvate to lactate?
lactate dehydrogenase
What is oxygen debt?
the amount of oxygen needed by the liver to convert lactic acid back to glucose
What are the 3 different types of respiratory substrates?
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
How are triglycerides used?
hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids enter the krebs cycle by being converted into acetyl group
glycerol is converted to pyruvate
How are proteins used?
Hydrolysed into amino acids then are deaminated and are converted into pyruvate
What is the equation for RQ?
CO2 produced/O2 produced
lower the answer the better
What is the RQ for carbohydrates?
1.0
What is the RQ for lipids?
0.7
What is the RQ for proteins?
0.9
What are the sources of ATP during exercise?
Aerobic respiration (glucose in cells, glucose in processing food, glycogen in liver, fat reserves, proteins)
Anaerobic respiration (glycogen reserves)
Creatine Phosphate
