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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

What does glucose get phosphorylated to?

A

Hexose bisphosphate
Using 2 ATP

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4
Q

What does hexose bisphosphate get split into?

A

2x Triose bisphosphate

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5
Q

What does triose bisphosphate get oxidised into?

A

Pyruvate
Producing 2 ATP and 1 reduced NAD

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6
Q

What is the overall net gain from glycolysis?

A

2x pyruvate
2x ATP
2x NADH

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7
Q

Where does link reaction take place?

A

matrix of mitrochondria

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8
Q

What does oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produce?

A

acetyl group and coenzyme A
= acetylcoenzyme A
producing CO2 and NADH

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9
Q

What are NAD and FAD?

A

coenzymes

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10
Q

How many protons does FAD accept?

A

2

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11
Q

How many protons does NAD accept?

A

1

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12
Q

Where does krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

What does acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate produce?

A

citrate (6C) and CoA (which now leaves krebs cycle)

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14
Q

What is produced from citric acid?

A

5 carbon-compound
Producing CO2 and NADH

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15
Q

What is produced from 5 carbon-compound?

A

4 carbon-compound
producing CO2 and NADH

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16
Q

What process does the citrate keep going through until oxaloacetate is produced again?

A

decarboxylation, dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation
producing per pyruvate (would be 2x for each glucose molecule)
2x CO2
1x ATP
3x NADH
1x FADH2

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17
Q

How many ATP does reduced NAD produce?

A

3

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18
Q

How many ATP does reduced FAD produce?

A

2

19
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

membrane of cristae

20
Q

What is the process called when protons diffuse back down a conc gradient and ATP is produced?

A

chemiosmosis

21
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

22
Q

What do the hydrogen atoms from coenzymes dissociate into?

A

H+ and e-

23
Q

What do electron carriers use the energy from the electron transport chain for?

A

to pump protons into the intermembrane space

24
Q

What do protons diffuse through back into the matrix?

A

ATP synthase

25
Q

What is the overall net production of ATP per glucose molecule?

A

32

26
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

production of ATP from an inorganic phosphate ion combining with ADP from creatine phosphate

27
Q

What are three different categories dependant on their need for oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
obligate aerobes

28
Q

What is a obligate anaerobe?

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

29
Q

what is a facultative anaerobe?

A

synthesis ATP by oxygen if available otherwise switch to anaerobic e.g yeast

30
Q

What is obligate aerobe?

A

can only synthesis ATP in the presence of oxygen e.g mammals but muscle cells might be classified as a facultative anaerobe

31
Q

Which stage of respiration occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic?

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

What does pyruvate go to in alcoholic fermentation?

A

ethanal then ethanol
producing CO2 and uses NADH

33
Q

What does pyruvate go to in lactate fermentation?

A

lactate
using NADH

34
Q

What enzyme coverts pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

35
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

the amount of oxygen needed by the liver to convert lactic acid back to glucose

36
Q

What are the 3 different types of respiratory substrates?

A

lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

37
Q

How are triglycerides used?

A

hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids enter the krebs cycle by being converted into acetyl group
glycerol is converted to pyruvate

38
Q

How are proteins used?

A

Hydrolysed into amino acids then are deaminated and are converted into pyruvate

39
Q

What is the equation for RQ?

A

CO2 produced/O2 produced
lower the answer the better

40
Q

What is the RQ for carbohydrates?

A

1.0

41
Q

What is the RQ for lipids?

A

0.7

42
Q

What is the RQ for proteins?

A

0.9

43
Q

What are the sources of ATP during exercise?

A

Aerobic respiration (glucose in cells, glucose in processing food, glycogen in liver, fat reserves, proteins)
Anaerobic respiration (glycogen reserves)
Creatine Phosphate

Biology (9 decks)

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