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Biology > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood

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2
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the body?

A

-Pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Adrenal gland
-Pineal gland
-Thymus
-Pancreas
-Testis
-Ovary

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3
Q

Which gland secretes melatonin

A

Pineal

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4
Q

Which gland secretes insulin and glucagon

A

pancreas

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5
Q

Which gland produces growth hormones, anti-diuretic hormone and gonadotrophins?

A

Pituitary

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6
Q

Which gland produces thymosin?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

Which gland produces thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

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8
Q

What is the definition of hormone?

A

chemical messenger which is directly secreted into the blood to reach their target cells

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9
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

steroid and non-steroid

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9
Q

where would a steroid hormones receptor be?

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus as it lipid soluble so can diffuse through membranes

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10
Q

Where would a receptor be found for a non-steroid hormone?

A

cell surface membrane

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11
Q

What are the advantages of hormonal rather than neuronal?

A

longer and widespread effect and effect could be permanent

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12
Q

What are the advantages of neuronal rather than hormonal?

A

faster, localised, specific and effect is temporary

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13
Q

where are the adrenal glands found?

A

on top of each kidney

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14
Q

what 2 parts make up an adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

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15
Q

what hormones are produced by adrenal cortex?

A

essential hormones to life
cortisol- regulates metabolism
corticosterone-regulate immune response
aldosterone-controls blood pressure

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16
Q

what hormones are produced by adrenal medulla?

A

non-essential hormones stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
adrenaline
noradrenaline

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17
Q

What is able to act as an exocrine gland and endocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

What does an exocrine gland do?

A

produces enzymes and releases them via a duct

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19
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas release

A

amylase, lipase, proteases into the duodenum

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20
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

what tissue produces insulin and glucagon?

A

Both are produced in islets of Langerhans
insulin secreted by beta cells
glucagon secreted by alpha cells

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22
Q

What 3 factors increases blood glucose?

A

diet
glycogenolysis- breaking down glycogen
gluconeogenesis- making glucose from glycerol

23
Q

What 2 factors decreases blood glucose?

A

respiration
glycogenesis- production glycogen

24
Q

Which cells don’t have insulin receptors?

A

red blood cells

25
Q

Which cells detect rise in blood glucose levels and secrete insulin?

A

beta cells

25
Q

What 5 ways does insulin lower blood glucose concentration?

A

-Increases rate absorption of glucose by cells by when insulin binds to it’s glycoprotein receptor it changes the tertiary structure causing the glucose transport protein channels to open more.
-increases the respiratory rate of cells
-increases the rate of glycogenesis
-increases rate glucose to fat conversion
-inhibits the release of glucagon

26
Q

What is insulin production an example of?

A

Negative feedback

27
Q

Which cells in the body have glucagon receptors?

A

liver and fat cells

28
Q

How does glucagon raise blood sugar concentrations

A

glycogenolysis
reduce the amount of glucose absorbed by the liver
increasing gluconeogenesis

29
Q

What is the system of blood sugar concentration said to be

A

self regulating

30
Q

7 steps insulin secretion

A
  1. normal conc k+ channels are open and K+ can diffuse out of the cell -70mV
  2. when glucose conc rises glucose enters the cell via a glucose transporter
  3. glucose is metabolised inside the mitrochondria producing ATP
  4. ATP binds to K+ channels causing them to close
  5. K+ can no longer diffuse out so depolarisation occurs -30mV
  6. Depolarisation causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open
  7. Ca2+ enters the cell and causes secretory vesicles to release insulin via exocytosis
31
Q

What type of diabetes is it when you cannot use insulin?

A

type 2 either b cells so not produce enough or body cells so do not respond

32
Q

What type of diabetes is it when you cannot produce insulin?

A

type 1

33
Q

What causes type 2?

A

obesity and lack of exercise

34
Q

What is the treatment for type 1?

A

insulin injections

35
Q

What is the treatment for type 2?

A

control weight and glucose intake, increases exercise, insulin injections

36
Q

What can medically produced insulin be produced by?

A

GM bacteria

37
Q

What could be the advantages of stem cell treatment for diabetes type 1 and what could be the concerns?

A

+ve
no concern over donor availability
reduced likelihood of rejection due to embryonic stem cells not being rejected
no longer required to inject themselves
-ve
scientists ability to control growth of stem cells is limited therefore is it a major concern it might induce tumours

38
Q

Which part of the brain activates the fight or flight response?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system activate in fight and flight response?

A

adrenal medulla (release adrenaline or noradrenaline) , smooth muscle and glands

40
Q

What does the adrenal-cortical system do?

A

causes the pituitary gland to secrete hormone ACTH

41
Q

What are 7 physical responses to fight or flight?

A

heart rate increases
pupils dilate
arterioles in skin constrict
blood glucose levels increase
smooth muscle of airway relaxes
non essential systems shut down e.g digestion
brain focused on threat

42
Q

Why can’t adrenaline pass through cell membranes?

A

Polar/Hydrophilic

43
Q

What is adrenalines main function?

A

Trigger liver cells to undergo glycogenolysis so glucose is released into the blood stream
(noradrenaline causes the other responses)

44
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to a receptor on the surface of a liver cell membrane?

A

Binds to receptor causing it to change shape
Which activates adenyl cyclase
Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate and activates other enzymes converting glycogen to glucose

45
Q

What nervous system controls heart rate?

A

autonomic

46
Q

What node in the heart is the medulla linked to by motor neurones?

A

SAN

47
Q

Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate?

A

sympathetic and is transmitted by the accelerator nerve

48
Q

Which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?

A

parasympathetic and are transmitted by the vagus nerve

49
Q

Which two types of receptors provide info that affects the heart rate?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

50
Q

Where would you find baroreceptors which affect heart rate?

A

aorta, vena cava and carotid arteries

51
Q

Where would you find chemoreceptors which affect heart rate?

A

aorta, carotid artery and the medulla

52
Q

what happens if the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in PH?

A

Increases frequency of impulses to SAN
SAN increases the heart rate
Increases blood flow and therefore is able to remove CO2 quicker

53
Q

What happens if blood pressure is too high?

A

medulla sends impulses along the parasympathetic neurones to the SAN to decreases heart rate.

Biology (9 decks)

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