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Biology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Involuntary

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2
Q

Which type of muscle is myogenic?

A

cardiac

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3
Q

What is involuntary muscle also known as?

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A

striated, voluntary, regularly arranged, rapid contractions, short length of contraction, fibres are tubular and multinucleated

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5
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

specialised striated, involuntary, the cells are branched and interconnect , fibres are branched and multinucleated

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6
Q

What are the features of involuntary muscle?

A

non-striated, involuntary, no regular arrangement, slow contraction speed, can remain contracted for a long time, fibres are spindle shaped and uninucleated

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7
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

made up of bundles of muscle fibres and enclosed my a plasma membrane called sarcolemma. Muscle fibres contain many nuclei and the shared cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm. part of the sarcolemma folds inwards forming t tubules ensuring all of the muscle fibres receive the impulse. They contain a lot of the mitrochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (contains Ca2+)

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8
Q

What is each muscle fibre made up of?

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

What are 2 types of protein myofibrils are made up of?

A

actin and myosin

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10
Q

Why do myofibrils have alternating light and dark bands?

A

-light bands- just actin
-dark bands- myosin present darker on the edges due to the overlap with actin

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11
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the distance between two adjacent z lines which are found at the centre of each light band, shortens when the muscle contracts

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12
Q

What is the H zone?

A

it is the lighter section found in the middle of the dark band

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13
Q

What happens to the different sections of a sarcomere when it is contracted?

A
  • H zone shortens
  • dark band stays the same
  • light band shortens
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14
Q

What is the structure of myosin?

A

It has globular hinged heads, on the head is binding sites for actin and ATP. The tails of myosin molecules are aligned ta make myosin filament

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15
Q

What is the strcuture of actin?

A

actin filaments spiral around each other, actin filaments have actin-myosin binding sites.

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16
Q

What blocks actin-myosin binding site when the muscle is relaxed?

A

tropomyosin

17
Q

What happens to tropomyosin when the muscle is stimulated to contact?

A

Ca2+ ions bind to it causing it to change shape and move away from the binding sites

18
Q

What is the difference between a cholinergic synapse and a neuromuscular junction?

A

There are many junctions along the length of a muscle. All the muscle fibres are supplied by a single motor neurone. sarcolemma and sarcoplasm, otherwise the same

19
Q

What is it called when all the muscle fibres are supplied by one motor neurone

A

a motor unit

20
Q

When the sarcolemma is depolarise as Na + channels open, what happens?

A

The depolarisation spreads down the T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing the calcium channels to open and they diffuse into the sarcoplasm

21
Q

7 steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. tropomyosin is blocking the actin-myosin binding site
  2. Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds top tropomyosin causing it to change shape and expose the binding sites
  3. Myosin head can bind, forming a actin-myosin cross-bridge.
  4. Myosin head flexes, pulling the actin molecule along and releasing the already bound ADP molecule
  5. ATP binds myosin head causing it to detach by breaking the myosin actin cross bridge
  6. Ca2+ ions in the sarcoplasm activate ATPase which hydrolyses ATP to ADP releasing energy which is used to return the myosin head to its original position.
  7. The myosin head can now reattach to a binding site further along and repeats
22
Q

What is the sliding filament model likened to?

A

Rowing

23
Q

what are the 3 sources of energy for muscle contraction?

A

-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
-creatine phosphate

24
Q

How does creatine phosphate provide energy?

A

it is stored in muscles, ADP is phosphorylated by creatine phosphate to form ATP. Rapid generation energy however it is used up very quickly

Biology (9 decks)

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