Liver

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

a self regulating process where biological systems maintain internal stability/equilibrium while adjusting to changing external conditions

Question 2

Where are temperature receptors in our brain?

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

How do endotherms cool?

Answer 3

-sweating by sweat glands
-reduce insulation of hair by erector muscles relaxing so they lay flat
-vasodilation by arterioles dilating

Question 4

How do endotherms warm?

Answer 4

-vasoconstriction by arterioles constricting
-decreased sweating
-raising body hairs to increases insulation by erector muscles contracting
-shivering by relaxing and contracting muscles, metabolic heat from the exothermic reactions involved increases heat
-hibernation
-some have small SA:V to reduce heat loss

Question 5

How to ectotherms regulate temperature?

Answer 5

• bask in the sun
  -press their bodies against warm ground
  -exothermic metabolic reactions
  -alter heart rate
  -dark colours

Question 6

What is excretion?

Answer 6

removal of metabolic waste

Question 7

What are the main metabolic waste products in mammals?

Answer 7

CO2
bile pigments
urea

Question 8

What are the main metabolic waste products in mammals?

Answer 8

CO2
bile pigments
urea

Question 9

Which arteries are connected with the liver?

Answer 9

hepatic artery
hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein

Question 10

What are liver cells called?

Answer 10

hepatocytes

Question 11

What are the features of hepatocytes?

Answer 11

large nuclei
prominent golgi
lots mitrochondria

Question 12

What can the liver do if part of it is damaged?

Answer 12

regenerate

Question 13

What does the hepatic artery do?

Answer 13

supplies the liver with oxygen

Question 14

What does the hepatic vein do?

Answer 14

takes deoxygenated blood away

Question 15

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 15

brings blood from the duodenum and intestine

Question 16

What is a liver lobule made up of?

Answer 16

hepatocytes that radiate from the central vein which is a branch of the hepatic vein

Question 17

What is the lobule connected to?

Answer 17

bile duct
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein

Question 18

Where is the blood mixed from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery?

Answer 18

sinusoids

Question 19

What do sinusoids contain?

Answer 19

Kupffer cells

Question 20

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 20

macrophages of the liver which ingest foreign particles

Question 21

What is bile formed from?

Answer 21

break down of blood

Question 22

Where is bile secreted into to drain into the bile ducts?

Answer 22

canaliculi

Question 23

What are 3 functions of the liver?

Answer 23

-carbohydrate metabolism
-deamination of excess amino acids
- detoxification

Question 24

What does the liver convert glucose to and store?

Answer 24

glycogen

Question 25

What is it called when one amino acid is converted into another?

Answer 25

transamination

Question 26

What is deamination?

Answer 26

the removal of amine group as the body cannot store proteins
The amine group is converted to ammonia

Question 27

What happens in the ornithine cycle?

Answer 27

ammonia is combined with CO2 to produce urea

Question 28

What is hydrogen peroxide broken down by and into?

Answer 28

In the hepatocytes by catalase into oxygen and water

Question 29

What is ethanol broken down by and into?

Answer 29

Broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase into ethanal then ethanoate which can be used by the body

Question 30

What is liver tissue normally stained with when looking at it under a microscope?

Answer 30

Eosin or haematoxylin