Respiration Flashcards
Speech
what are the functions of the respiratory system (3)
1) move large volumes of air to respiratory exchange surface/to meet function demands
2) protect respiratory surfaces from enviro challenges
3) produce phonation for communication
4) facilitate detection of olfactory stimuli
upper airway consists of what?
oral cavity
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
lower airway consists of what?
larynx
trachea
lungs
epithelium + underlying areolar connective tissue
respiratory mucosa
what is the areolar connective tissue
lamina propria
respiratory mucosa reflects a gradient that varies by what regions?
- type of epithelium
- epithelial specializations
- role of smooth muscle
- connective tissue (cartilage, glands, elastic fibers)
you should be able to predict histology based on what known functions:
secretion
transport
absorption
constriction/dilation
protection against abrasion
gaseous exchange
how does respiratory system handle airbone pathogens that make challenges for the defense mechanisms
mucous produced by goblet cells and mucous glands
ciliated epithelium
alveolar macrophages
nasal and oral cavities represent _________ for air flow
parallel routes
nasal cavity is lined with _____________
pesudostratified columnar epithelium
oral cavity is lined with _________
stratified squamous epithelium
tracheal cartilage is absent in __________ wall against the esophagus
posterior
trachea splits in L and R primary bronchi and mucosa here has a ________________ epithelium, which continues throughout major bronchi
ciliated, pseudostratified columnar
lungs are bilateral however not symmetrical because the right lung has ____ lobes (w oblique and horizontal fissues) and the left lung has ___ lobes (oblique fissure)
3 for right; 2 for left
a true fractal model of biological tissue contains _______ bifurcations
20-27
what epithelium do the follow fractal branches contain:
- trachea
- primary (L&R) bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- subsegmental bronchi
- small bronchi
ciliated, pseudostratified columnar
what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
simple cuboidal
what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- alveolar ducts/sacs
simple squamous
two layered membranes that promote effortless movement or reduce friction
serous membranes
what are examples of serous membranes in the body
- pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs
what do the serous membranes of the lungs consist of (3)
visceral layer (innermost layer)
parietal layer (outerlayer)
pleural cavity = potential space
what are the conditions affection in the serous membranes of the lungs (2)
pneumothorax (air getting into lungs-hard to breathe- lung collapse)
pleurisy (pleuritis - with bacteria in potential space / friction / painful)
what are the functional contributions of the ribcage
tension
- provides effortless expiration after muscles expand the ribcage
- association with parietal pleura allows for muscular control of inspiration
( at rest = diaphragm or active = other thoracic muscles)
association with parietal pleura (outermost) allows for muscular control of _______
inspiration
what are the muscles of respiration / breathing
thoracic muscles
- intercostal muscles
- anterior/posterior thorax
neck muscles
abdominal muscles
postural (spinal) muscles
diaphragm:
increase thoracic volume = _____ pressure
decrease
run from inner margin of each rib to upper margin on rib above
internal intercostals
run from lower margin of each rib to upper margin of next lower rib
external intercostals
what are the functions of intercostal muscles
keep thoracic contents contains during respiration AND aid in lifting ribs (external) and depressing ribcage (external)
neck muscle
sternocleidomastoid originates where?
at mastoid portion of temporal bone and inserts on sternum & clavicle
neck muscles
scalenus originates where?
at cervical vertebra and inserts on lateral regions of ribs 1 and 2
what is the function of the neck muscles
aids respiration (Inspiration) by lifting upper ribs
what are the anterior thoracic muscles
pec major
pec minor
serratus anterior
what is the function of the anterior thoracic muscles
act to raise ribcage during inspiration
runs from clavicle & sternum and inserts on humerus
pec major
lies beneath pec major and runs from anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 and attaches to scapula
pec minor
originates at upper 8-9 ribs and inserts on the scapula
serratus anterior
what are the posterior thoracic muscles
latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
originates at lowest thoracic vertebrae, lower ribs and lumbar fascia and inserts on humerus
latissimus dorsi
originates from lower cervical and upper thoracic vertbrae and inserts on posterior aspect of upper ribs (2-5)
serratus posterior superior
originates from lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae and inserts on posterior aspect of lowest four ribs
- depressor of ribcage
serratus posterior inferior
what is are the functions of the posterior thoracic muscles
a) latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior superior
b) serratus posterior inferior
a) elevate ribs
b) depress ribs
what does the abdominal wall consist of
4 layers of muscles
what do the abdominal wall muscles function for
to contain abdominal contents during forced expiration
what are the muscles of the abdominal wall (deepest layer to most superfical?
1) transverse abdominis
2) internal obliques
3) external oblques
4) rectus abdominis
passive - diaphragm and postural stabilizing muscles
active - pectoralis major/minor, intercostal muscles, and neck+back muscles
inspiration
passive - elastic recoil of lung tissue and thoracic wall (tension of rib cage)
active - lateral internal intercostal, serratus posterior inferior, abdominal wall muscles
expiration
what does a spirometry do
measure air volumes & capacities
what is the surfactant that pertains to spirometry
phospholipid secreted by Type II
- decreases surface tension & helps stablize (prevent alveolar units from collapsing at lower alveolar pressures)
(5) measure of lung volumes often using a spirometer
tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
minimal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
amt of air moved during single respiratory cycle
tidal volume
additional possible expiration (immediately following resting respiration) using accessory muscles
expiratory reserve volume
air left in lungs follow a max expiration (with anatomical dead space)
residual volume
air left if the lungs were to collapse
minimal volume
additional inspiration immediately following resting inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
dead space is NOT used for respiration or ____________
gaseous exchange
spirometry
the max inspiration following a resting respiration cycle
inspiratory capacity
air remaining in lungs following a resting expiration
functional residual capacity
max volume of air for a single respiratory cycle
vital capacity
total volume of lungs
total lung capacity
