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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

Speech

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system (3)

A

1) move large volumes of air to respiratory exchange surface/to meet function demands
2) protect respiratory surfaces from enviro challenges
3) produce phonation for communication
4) facilitate detection of olfactory stimuli

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2
Q

upper airway consists of what?

A

oral cavity
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

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3
Q

lower airway consists of what?

A

larynx
trachea
lungs

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4
Q

epithelium + underlying areolar connective tissue

A

respiratory mucosa

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5
Q

what is the areolar connective tissue

A

lamina propria

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa reflects a gradient that varies by what regions?

A
  • type of epithelium
  • epithelial specializations
  • role of smooth muscle
  • connective tissue (cartilage, glands, elastic fibers)
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7
Q

you should be able to predict histology based on what known functions:

A

secretion
transport
absorption
constriction/dilation
protection against abrasion
gaseous exchange

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8
Q

how does respiratory system handle airbone pathogens that make challenges for the defense mechanisms

A

mucous produced by goblet cells and mucous glands
ciliated epithelium
alveolar macrophages

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9
Q

nasal and oral cavities represent _________ for air flow

A

parallel routes

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10
Q

nasal cavity is lined with _____________

A

pesudostratified columnar epithelium

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11
Q

oral cavity is lined with _________

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

tracheal cartilage is absent in __________ wall against the esophagus

A

posterior

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13
Q

trachea splits in L and R primary bronchi and mucosa here has a ________________ epithelium, which continues throughout major bronchi

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

lungs are bilateral however not symmetrical because the right lung has ____ lobes (w oblique and horizontal fissues) and the left lung has ___ lobes (oblique fissure)

A

3 for right; 2 for left

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15
Q

a true fractal model of biological tissue contains _______ bifurcations

A

20-27

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16
Q

what epithelium do the follow fractal branches contain:
- trachea
- primary (L&R) bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- subsegmental bronchi
- small bronchi

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar

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17
Q

what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal

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18
Q

what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- alveolar ducts/sacs

A

simple squamous

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19
Q

two layered membranes that promote effortless movement or reduce friction

A

serous membranes

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20
Q

what are examples of serous membranes in the body

A
  • pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs
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21
Q

what do the serous membranes of the lungs consist of (3)

A

visceral layer (innermost layer)
parietal layer (outerlayer)
pleural cavity = potential space

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22
Q

what are the conditions affection in the serous membranes of the lungs (2)

A

pneumothorax (air getting into lungs-hard to breathe- lung collapse)
pleurisy (pleuritis - with bacteria in potential space / friction / painful)

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23
Q

what are the functional contributions of the ribcage

A

tension
- provides effortless expiration after muscles expand the ribcage
- association with parietal pleura allows for muscular control of inspiration
( at rest = diaphragm or active = other thoracic muscles)

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24
Q

association with parietal pleura (outermost) allows for muscular control of _______

A

inspiration

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25
Q

what are the muscles of respiration / breathing

A

thoracic muscles
- intercostal muscles
- anterior/posterior thorax

neck muscles
abdominal muscles
postural (spinal) muscles

26
Q

diaphragm:
increase thoracic volume = _____ pressure

A

decrease

27
Q

run from inner margin of each rib to upper margin on rib above

A

internal intercostals

28
Q

run from lower margin of each rib to upper margin of next lower rib

A

external intercostals

29
Q

what are the functions of intercostal muscles

A

keep thoracic contents contains during respiration AND aid in lifting ribs (external) and depressing ribcage (external)

30
Q

neck muscle
sternocleidomastoid originates where?

A

at mastoid portion of temporal bone and inserts on sternum & clavicle

31
Q

neck muscles
scalenus originates where?

A

at cervical vertebra and inserts on lateral regions of ribs 1 and 2

32
Q

what is the function of the neck muscles

A

aids respiration (Inspiration) by lifting upper ribs

33
Q

what are the anterior thoracic muscles

A

pec major
pec minor
serratus anterior

34
Q

what is the function of the anterior thoracic muscles

A

act to raise ribcage during inspiration

35
Q

runs from clavicle & sternum and inserts on humerus

A

pec major

36
Q

lies beneath pec major and runs from anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 and attaches to scapula

A

pec minor

37
Q

originates at upper 8-9 ribs and inserts on the scapula

A

serratus anterior

38
Q

what are the posterior thoracic muscles

A

latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

39
Q

originates at lowest thoracic vertebrae, lower ribs and lumbar fascia and inserts on humerus

A

latissimus dorsi

40
Q

originates from lower cervical and upper thoracic vertbrae and inserts on posterior aspect of upper ribs (2-5)

A

serratus posterior superior

41
Q

originates from lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae and inserts on posterior aspect of lowest four ribs
- depressor of ribcage

A

serratus posterior inferior

42
Q

what is are the functions of the posterior thoracic muscles
a) latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior superior
b) serratus posterior inferior

A

a) elevate ribs
b) depress ribs

43
Q

what does the abdominal wall consist of

A

4 layers of muscles

44
Q

what do the abdominal wall muscles function for

A

to contain abdominal contents during forced expiration

45
Q

what are the muscles of the abdominal wall (deepest layer to most superfical?

A

1) transverse abdominis
2) internal obliques
3) external oblques
4) rectus abdominis

46
Q

passive - diaphragm and postural stabilizing muscles
active - pectoralis major/minor, intercostal muscles, and neck+back muscles

A

inspiration

47
Q

passive - elastic recoil of lung tissue and thoracic wall (tension of rib cage)
active - lateral internal intercostal, serratus posterior inferior, abdominal wall muscles

A

expiration

48
Q

what does a spirometry do

A

measure air volumes & capacities

49
Q

what is the surfactant that pertains to spirometry

A

phospholipid secreted by Type II
- decreases surface tension & helps stablize (prevent alveolar units from collapsing at lower alveolar pressures)

50
Q

(5) measure of lung volumes often using a spirometer

A

tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
minimal volume
inspiratory reserve volume

51
Q

amt of air moved during single respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume

52
Q

additional possible expiration (immediately following resting respiration) using accessory muscles

A

expiratory reserve volume

53
Q

air left in lungs follow a max expiration (with anatomical dead space)

A

residual volume

54
Q

air left if the lungs were to collapse

A

minimal volume

55
Q

additional inspiration immediately following resting inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

56
Q

dead space is NOT used for respiration or ____________

A

gaseous exchange

57
Q

spirometry

A
58
Q

the max inspiration following a resting respiration cycle

A

inspiratory capacity

59
Q

air remaining in lungs following a resting expiration

A

functional residual capacity

60
Q

max volume of air for a single respiratory cycle

A

vital capacity

61
Q

total volume of lungs

A

total lung capacity

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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