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Anatomy and Physiology > Cellular mechanics and Communication > Flashcards

Cellular mechanics and Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Two processes involving manufacturing
a) respiration and expiration
b) active and passive breathing
c) transcription and translation
d) DNA and RNA

A

Transcription and translation

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2
Q

What is the first step of DNA based gene expression?

A

Transcription

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3
Q

Define transcription

A

A segment of DNA copied into RNA (mRNA) by enzyme RNA polymerase

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4
Q

During transcription a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a ______ _______

A

primary transcript

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5
Q

Adenine (A) bonds to ____________________ by 2 hydrogen bonds

A

Thymine (T)

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6
Q

Guanine (G) bones to ________________ by 3 hydrogen bones

A

Cytosine (C)

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7
Q

Steps of transcription

A

1) RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA
2) RNA polymerase creates bubble, separating the two strands of the DNA helix
3) RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides
4) RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms an RNA strand
5) RNA further processed (polyadenylation, capping, and splicing)
6) RNA remains in nucleus or leaves cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex

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8
Q

Gene splicing

A

Introns removed - review

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9
Q

Stages of Translation

A

1) mRNA is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide
2) polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell
3) ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons
4) tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is read by the ribosome

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10
Q

Codons

A

hidden messages within nucleotides sequencues that tell a particular amino acid signal to start or stop

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11
Q

Step 1 of Translation: Initiation

A

ribosome assessmbles around target mRNA
- first tRNA attached at the start codon

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12
Q

Step 2 of Translation: Elongation

A

tRNA transfers amino acid to tRNA corresponding to next codon
- ribosome then translocates to next mRNA codon to continue process, creating amino acid chain

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13
Q

Step 3 of Translation: Termination

A

when a peptidyl tRNA encounters stop codon
- ribosome folds the polypeptide into final structure

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14
Q

Cell division

A

process by which parent cell divides into 2 of more daughter cells

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15
Q

In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of ______________

A

cell division

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16
Q

Types of cell division in eukaryotes

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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17
Q

Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

A

mitosis (vegetative division)

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18
Q

Number of chromosomes in daughter cells is reduced by 1/2 to produce haploid gametes

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

__________ accounts for a small part of the duration of a cell cycle

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and become visible
- centrosomes move toward opposite poles

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21
Q

Prometaphase

A

Kinetochores appear at centromeres
- mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

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22
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes meet at middle
- each sister chromatid is attached to spindle fiber from opposite poke

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23
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split in two
- chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles

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24
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles & decodense
- nuclear envelope surround each set of chromosomes
- mitotic spindle breaks down
- spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

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25
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2 separate entities

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26
Q

Types of signaling molecules
a) proteins
b) small peptides
c) amino acids
d) nucleotides
e) steroids/retinoids
f) dissolved gases
g) all of the above

A

All of the above

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27
Q

What are the types of signaling?

a) embryonic signaling
b) paracrine signaling
c) endocrine signaling
d) synaptic signaling
e) A, B, and C
f) B, C, and D

A

Paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and synaptic signaling

28
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

local action only
fast acting
growth factors, clotting factors

29
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

secreted in blood stream for widespread or distant targeting
very slow acting
pineal, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc.
recognized by receptors

30
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

secretion at specialized cell to cell contacts (synapses)
very fast acting
used only by electrically excitable cells
(neurons and muscle cells)

31
Q

In almost all forms of signaling, the signal molecule is ___________ from the secreting cell via a process known as ____________

A

released; exocytosis

32
Q

Long term connections can be classified into functional groups such as:
a) inhibitory junctions
b) tight junctions
c) desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
d) gap junctions

A

B, C, and D

33
Q

Impermeable junctions preventing molecules from passing through the intercellular space

A

tight junctions / occluding junctions

34
Q

binding adjacent cells together like a molecular “velcro” and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers

A

desmosomes / anchoring junctions

35
Q

allowing ions & small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

A

gap junctions / communicating junctions

36
Q

roles of tight/occluding junctions

A

1) form leak-proof seals
2) create cell polarizations along membranes

37
Q

which junction(s) are most prominent in tissues subject to mechanical stress

A

desmosomes/hemidesmosomes and adherents junctions / anchoring junctions

38
Q

which junction is comprised of an intracellular plaque that is anchored to IF or actin and cadherin

A

desmosomes junctions / anchoring junctions

39
Q

What is the difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

hemidesmosomes are comprised to an intracellular
plaque which is anchored to an ECM protein

40
Q

How are desmosomes and hemidesmosomes similar

A

Anchored intracellularly to actin or IF cytoskeleton

41
Q

What do gap junctions comprise of

A

junctional complex (connexon)

42
Q

T/F Permeability of communicating junctions is affected by environmental influences.

A

True

43
Q

Extracellular matrix is a network of _______________

A

macromolecules

44
Q

The extracellular matrix is a network of _______________

A

macromolecules

45
Q

What do the macromolecules include?

A

1) glycosaminoglycans (hydrated gels)
2) fibrous proteins (structural and adhesive)

46
Q

What are some basic tissues

A

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerve tissue

47
Q

What determines the classification of epithelium

A

1) shape
2) # of layers
3) cell specializations

48
Q

Flat and one layered

A

simple squamous

49
Q

Square and one layered

A

Simple cuboidal

50
Q

Tall and one layered

A

Simple columnar

51
Q

Skin

A

Stratified squamous

52
Q

An epithelium that is not common

A

stratified cuboidal

53
Q

In some parts of the respiratory system

A

stratified columnar

54
Q

What are some connective tissues

A

a) fibroblast
b) collagen fiber
c) macrophage
d) elastic fiber

55
Q

What is the simplest and most widely distributed connective tissue found in the body ?

A

areolar tissue

56
Q

What are the principle cell precursor that are always present and give the matrix its gel-like qualities

A

fibroblasts

57
Q

What is the principle cell that has differentiated fibroblasts that maintain fibers

A

fibrocytes

58
Q

What cells found in connective tissues hold fat storage

A

adipocytes

59
Q

What cells found in connective tissues are stem cells of fibroblasts, macrophages, etc?

A

mesenchymal cells

60
Q

What cells found in connective tissues are fixed or free scavengers

A

macrophages

61
Q

What cells found in connective tissues contain histamine and heparin to enhance immune response

A

mast cells

62
Q

Skeletal muscles has a ___________ apperance

A

striped

63
Q

Cardiac muscles has a _______________ apperance

A

looser

64
Q

Smooth muscles have a _______________ apperance

A

wavy

65
Q

Nervous muscles have _______________

A

many -cytes that relate to synapses

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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