Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards
What are the 3 divisions of the nervous system?
1) CNS
2) PNS
3) Autonomic (visceral) nervous system
What is the CNS made up of
the brain and the spinal cord
What is the CNS made up of
the brain and the spinal cord
What is the CNS made up of
the brain and the spinal cord
What is the PNS made of
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
What are the functional parts of the nervous system
1) afferent system
2) efferent system
What is the afferent system
receptors (sensory,visceral, somatic)
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system with skeletal muscles as ________
autonomic (visceral) nervous system
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- smooth/cardiac muscle/glands as _____
what is the efferent system
group of neurons with common function
nucleus/ganglion
front/back of a given system or pathway
rostral/caudal
how do nucleus and ganglion diff
nucleus is neurons in CNS and ganglion is a cluster of neurons in PNS
ipsilateral/contralateral
same side/opposite side, always in reference to a specific item of interest
bump, groove, deeper groove
gyrus/sulcus/fissure
afferent vs efferent
incoming and outgoing
CNS: cerebral hemispheres - motor planning execution
frontal lobe
CNS: cerebral hemispheres - auditory processing
temporal lobe
CNS: cerebral hemispheres - sensory association / spatial planning
parietal lobe
CNS: cerebral hemispheres - occipital lobe
visual processing
CNS: 3 major parts of the brain
1) cerebral hemispheres
2) cerebellum
3) brainstem
- includes medulla, pons, midbrain
31 pairs of ____ nerves
ventral & dorsal roots
enlargements at C4 - T1 and L2-S3
properly ends at the L1 vertebrae
- CSF needle insertion
CNS: SPINAL CORD
contains grey matter and is surrounded by white matter
CNS: spinal nerves
Dermatomes
pattern of peripheral innervation
mapped areas of brain function using electrical stimulation in neuro surgery
Father of cytoarchitecture: Brodmann’s Area
Brodmann’s Area 17
primary visual cortex
Brodmann’s Area 41+44
primary auditory cortex
Brodmann’s area 1/2/3
primary sensory cortex
Homunculi
demonstrates 1) sequence of representation and 2) disproportion of representation
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory
- sensory
Cranial Nerve II
optic
- sensory
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
- motor
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
- motor
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal
- both
Cranial Nerve VI
- abucens
- motor
Cranial Nerve VII
facial
- both
Cranial Nerve VIII
auditory
- sensory
Cranial Nerve IX
glossopharyngeal
- both
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus
- both
Cranial Nerve XI
spinal accessory
- motor
Cranial Nerve XII
hypoglossal
- motor
Learn CN by expected location on ventral surface of the brain
relative to structures like pons + medulla
neurons - inter and intra species communication
synapse
how many classes of neurons are there
3
- pseudo unipolar
- bipolar
- multipolar
neuronal synapses is the site of ___________-
communication
what does the ionic basis for the action potential rely on
electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+
(need voltaged gated Na+ channels and K
channels, ATPase - enzyme and bilayer membrane)
Know what an action potential is and its features.
what is the refractory period
where it cannot stimulate another neuron
no impulse can be generated is _______ refractory period
absolute
impulse can be generated but requires more effort is ________ refractory period
relative
what do refractory states do?
create upper limit on frequency of firing rate
prevent message from going down wrong direction down axon
what is the refractory period time
1 millisecond
what are the supporting cells of the nervous system
glial cells
what are some glial cell varieties
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
what are pericytes
they have a role as a blood brain barrier
provide scaffolding that guides neuronal migration
forms scar tissue
insulates blood vessels & synapses
controls extracellular enviro
astrocytes
scavengers (Phagocytes) of the nervous system
microglia
olgios in _____ and schwann cells in _____
CNS, PNS
what do oligodendrocytes/schwann cells do
form myelin sheaths on certain axons
