Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards
Gross anatomy - Surface anatomy
general form and surface markings
Gross anatomy - Regional anatomy
organization of specific areas
Gross anatomy - systemic anatomy
structure of organ systems (organs that function together)
Microscopic anatomy - cytology
structure of individual cells
Microscopic anatomy - histology
structure of tissues (cells that work together)
Cellular physiology
individual cell function
Organ physiology
function of specific organs
- the heart
Systemic physiology
function of specific organ systems
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
- etc.
Pathological physiology
how disease impacts normal function
- cellular
- organ
- systemic
Molecular level
molecules formed from atoms can function individually or in molecular complexes
- structure imparts function
Cellular
cells are smallest single unit of life
Tissue
group of cells working together to produce a specific function
Cells
building blocks of specialized cells
- capable of performing every type of function that body is capable of
- exhibit 200 modes of specialization
What can cell membranes afford?
Afford protection or functional isolation
Membranes form _______________ _______________ _______________ by use of various proteins in the membrane
selectively permeable barriers
Lipid bilayer
acts as a solvent for integral membrane proteins
Hydrophilic
“heads”
Hydrophobic
fatty acid “tails”
What is the function of the lipid bilayer?
a) selective transport
b) specific interactions via anchored receptors
c) intracellular and extracellular anchors
d) endocytosis and exocytosis
e) protection and sequestration
f) all of the above
selective transport, specific interactions via anchored receptors, intracellular and extracellular anchors, endocytosis and exocytosis, protection and sequestration
The presence of a nucleus separates cells referred to as eucaryotes from cells with no nucleus is called __________
procaryotes (bacteria)
What does the nucleus contain?
a) cytoplasm
b) chromatin
c) RNA
d) B and C are correct
e) all of the above
Chromatin and RNA
Dark chromatin
inactive packed form
Light chromatin
actively transcribed and unfolded
What is the nucleus enclosed by?
a) ribosomes
b) bilipid membrane
c) nuclear pores
d) chromatin
bilipid membrane
What is the outer layer of the bilipid membrane continuous with?
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
What does the nuclear membrane contain? For what purpose?
Nuclear pores which allows the passage of signaling molecules and RNA in/out of nucleus
What is the site where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled into ribosomes? (where ribosomes are built)
Nucleolu
The nucleus contains one or more _________
nucleoli
Ribosomes translate _____ into proteins
RNA
Most commonly associated with synthesis of proteins to be used “In house”
Free ribosomes
Synthesizing proteins for secretion outside the cell
Ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consist of?
flattened cisternae or tubules
What are the primary functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ?
a) synthesis
b) transport
c) modification
d) all of the above
Synthesis, transport, and modification
T/F: Does the presence of ribosomes on the surface of the ER lend a “rough” appearance for ER most used for protein synthesis.
True
What is the Golgi apparatus?
bound vesicles responsible for further transport, modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
What does the Golgi receive?
newly synthesized proteins from the ER and adds sugar and packages into vesicles for export out of cell
What are secretion granules?
The golgi apparatus transport vesicles
What does mitochondria produce?
ATP, the energy unit of cell, by oxidation of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
What is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?
glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Aerobic mechanism
respiration
Where does respiration take place?
mitochondria
T/F The mitochondria is not membrane bound
False; it is membrane bound
Inner layer thrown into numerous characteristics folds
Cristae
All ________ cells have cytoskeleton
eukaryotic
Functions of cytoskeleton
a) structural support
b) locomotion
c) protection
d) differentiation
e) cell division
f) intracellular transport
g) A, B, D, E, F
h) all of the above
Structural support, locomotion, differentiation, cell division, intracellular transport
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments/actin filaments
The principle components of cytoskeleton
What are microtubules responsible for?
transport, cell polarity, and cell division
What are intermediate filaments responsible for?
structural integrity-made of several cell-specific proteins varying by cell type
What are microfilaments/actin filaments responsible for?
cell movement, phagocytosis, secretion, and other membrane related functions
What is critical for cytoskeletal membrane integrity which if breached, cell will die?
microfilaments / actin filaments
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
cytoskeleton-associated proteins required for bonding different elements together, as well as ensuring membrane integrity, vesicle release during synaptic transmission
What organelles contain enzymes used to digest endocytosed material and are very acidic?
lysosomes
What organelles are formed from the ER and contain enzymes that aid in metabolism of fatty acids and help rid cell of toxic peroxides?
peroxisomes
What are barrel shaped chucks of microtubules formed from nine triplets
Microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)
A pair of centrioles form a centrosome which is important for what?
guidance of cell division
