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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Gross anatomy - Surface anatomy

A

general form and surface markings

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2
Q

Gross anatomy - Regional anatomy

A

organization of specific areas

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3
Q

Gross anatomy - systemic anatomy

A

structure of organ systems (organs that function together)

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4
Q

Microscopic anatomy - cytology

A

structure of individual cells

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5
Q

Microscopic anatomy - histology

A

structure of tissues (cells that work together)

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6
Q

Cellular physiology

A

individual cell function

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7
Q

Organ physiology

A

function of specific organs
- the heart

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8
Q

Systemic physiology

A

function of specific organ systems
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
- etc.

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9
Q

Pathological physiology

A

how disease impacts normal function
- cellular
- organ
- systemic

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10
Q

Molecular level

A

molecules formed from atoms can function individually or in molecular complexes
- structure imparts function

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11
Q

Cellular

A

cells are smallest single unit of life

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12
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells working together to produce a specific function

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13
Q

Cells

A

building blocks of specialized cells
- capable of performing every type of function that body is capable of
- exhibit 200 modes of specialization

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14
Q

What can cell membranes afford?

A

Afford protection or functional isolation

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15
Q

Membranes form _______________ _______________ _______________ by use of various proteins in the membrane

A

selectively permeable barriers

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16
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

acts as a solvent for integral membrane proteins

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17
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“heads”

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18
Q

Hydrophobic

A

fatty acid “tails”

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19
Q

What is the function of the lipid bilayer?

a) selective transport
b) specific interactions via anchored receptors
c) intracellular and extracellular anchors
d) endocytosis and exocytosis
e) protection and sequestration
f) all of the above

A

selective transport, specific interactions via anchored receptors, intracellular and extracellular anchors, endocytosis and exocytosis, protection and sequestration

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20
Q

The presence of a nucleus separates cells referred to as eucaryotes from cells with no nucleus is called __________

A

procaryotes (bacteria)

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21
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

a) cytoplasm
b) chromatin
c) RNA
d) B and C are correct
e) all of the above

A

Chromatin and RNA

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22
Q

Dark chromatin

A

inactive packed form

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23
Q

Light chromatin

A

actively transcribed and unfolded

24
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

a) ribosomes
b) bilipid membrane
c) nuclear pores
d) chromatin

A

bilipid membrane

25
Q

What is the outer layer of the bilipid membrane continuous with?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

26
Q

What does the nuclear membrane contain? For what purpose?

A

Nuclear pores which allows the passage of signaling molecules and RNA in/out of nucleus

27
Q

What is the site where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled into ribosomes? (where ribosomes are built)

A

Nucleolu

28
Q

The nucleus contains one or more _________

A

nucleoli

29
Q

Ribosomes translate _____ into proteins

A

RNA

30
Q

Most commonly associated with synthesis of proteins to be used “In house”

A

Free ribosomes

31
Q

Synthesizing proteins for secretion outside the cell

A

Ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

32
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consist of?

A

flattened cisternae or tubules

33
Q

What are the primary functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ?

a) synthesis
b) transport
c) modification
d) all of the above

A

Synthesis, transport, and modification

34
Q

T/F: Does the presence of ribosomes on the surface of the ER lend a “rough” appearance for ER most used for protein synthesis.

A

True

35
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

bound vesicles responsible for further transport, modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

36
Q

What does the Golgi receive?

A

newly synthesized proteins from the ER and adds sugar and packages into vesicles for export out of cell

37
Q

What are secretion granules?

A

The golgi apparatus transport vesicles

38
Q

What does mitochondria produce?

A

ATP, the energy unit of cell, by oxidation of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates

39
Q

What is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?

A

glycolysis

40
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

Aerobic mechanism

A

respiration

42
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

43
Q

T/F The mitochondria is not membrane bound

A

False; it is membrane bound

44
Q

Inner layer thrown into numerous characteristics folds

A

Cristae

45
Q

All ________ cells have cytoskeleton

A

eukaryotic

46
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton
a) structural support
b) locomotion
c) protection
d) differentiation
e) cell division
f) intracellular transport
g) A, B, D, E, F
h) all of the above

A

Structural support, locomotion, differentiation, cell division, intracellular transport

47
Q

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments/actin filaments

A

The principle components of cytoskeleton

48
Q

What are microtubules responsible for?

A

transport, cell polarity, and cell division

49
Q

What are intermediate filaments responsible for?

A

structural integrity-made of several cell-specific proteins varying by cell type

50
Q

What are microfilaments/actin filaments responsible for?

A

cell movement, phagocytosis, secretion, and other membrane related functions

51
Q

What is critical for cytoskeletal membrane integrity which if breached, cell will die?

A

microfilaments / actin filaments

52
Q

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

A

cytoskeleton-associated proteins required for bonding different elements together, as well as ensuring membrane integrity, vesicle release during synaptic transmission

53
Q

What organelles contain enzymes used to digest endocytosed material and are very acidic?

A

lysosomes

54
Q

What organelles are formed from the ER and contain enzymes that aid in metabolism of fatty acids and help rid cell of toxic peroxides?

A

peroxisomes

55
Q

What are barrel shaped chucks of microtubules formed from nine triplets

A

Microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)

56
Q

A pair of centrioles form a centrosome which is important for what?

A

guidance of cell division

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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