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BIOLOGY > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of the matrix

A

Link reaction and krebs cycle occur.

Fluid like

Contains enzymes - for reactions - coenzymes

Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes - to synthesise enzymes

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2
Q

What are the components of the outer membrane

A

protein channels and carriers present

phospholipid membrane

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3
Q

What are the components of the inner membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer which is less permeable to small ions

cristae - highly folded to increase SA

electron carriers- electron transport chain

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4
Q

What are the significance of the intermembrane space’s location

A

close contact with the matrix to allow for reduces NAD and FAD to deliver protons to the electron transport chain

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5
Q

Why may mitochondria look different in microscope images

A

cut across different planes of the mitochondria

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6
Q

Name the order of the stages of respiration
and where does each stage occur

A
  1. glycolysis -cytoplasm
  2. link reaction -matrix
  3. Krebs cycle -matrix
  4. oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis- cristae/matrix/im space
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7
Q

Explain the stages of glycolysis

A
  1. PHOSPHORYLATION 6
    GLUCOSE is broken down by 2 ATP into HEXOSE1,6 BISPHOSPHATE

2.LYSIS 3
HEXOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE breaks down into 2 TRIOSE PHOSPHATE MOLECULES.

3.OXIDATION 3
EACH TRIOSE PHOSPHATE breaks down into PYRUVATE by 2 ATP and NAD gains 2H+ becoming REDUCED NAD

4.PYRUVATE is ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED to the LINK REACTION

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8
Q

Explain the stages of the Link reaction

A

PROCESS HAPPENS TWICE

  1. PYURVATE gets to the MATRIX through the outer membrane via a protein SYMPORT via ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  2. a CARBON gets REMOVED from PYRUVATE (decarboxylated)- then loses a H+ to NAD ( becomes reduced NAD via OXIDATION) making ACETATE

3.ACETATE combines with COENZYME A to become ACETYL COENZYME A

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9
Q

Explain the stages of the Krebs cycle

A

PROCESS HAPPENS TWICE

  1. ACETYL GROUP reacts with OXALOECAETAE making CITRATE
    2carbon + 4carbon = 6 carbon
  2. CARBON DIOXIDE is removed (DECARBOXYLATED) H+ and e- are removed and reduced NAD (DEHYDROGENATED) makes a 5 carbon compound. CARBON DIOXIDE is removed from the 5 C compound making a 4 C compound
    6C - co2 = 5C - co2 = 4C
  3. H+ and e- are REMOVED forming REDUCED NAD.
    ATP is made via SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHYRLATION (without a membrane)
    H+ and e- removed from FAD making REDUCED FAD
    H+ and e- removed again from NAD forming REDUCED NAD
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10
Q

Explain the stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation.

A
  1. REDUCED NAD/FAD release PROTONS AND ELECTRONS into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN via ELECTRON CARRIER PROTEINS
  2. ELECTRONS RELEASE ENERGY as they travel causing H+ to be ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED inti the IM SPACE from the MATRIX through the CRISTAE

3.INCREASED CONC of H+ in the IM SPACE - creating an ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT.

  1. CHEMIOSMOSIS ( movement of protons from a high to low concentration) DOWN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT occurs INTO the MATRIX via ATP SYNTHASE.

5.Protons drive ATP PRODUCTION by supplying a PROTON MOTIVE FORCE. OXYGEN reacts with PROTONS and ELECTRONS to make WATER

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11
Q

How many ATP molecules can be made from 1 glucose molecule :
explain how

A

32

glycolysis = 7

link reaction = 5

krebs cycle = 19

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12
Q

Why arent 32 ATP molecules always made in aerobic respiration

A

ATP is used during the process of respiration :
actively transport pyruvate to mitochondrial matrix
used in ETC
ATP used to transport NAD to reduced NAD

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13
Q

What stage of respiration can occur in anaerobic respiration and why

A

Glycolysis - the only process which doesn’t require oxygen.

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14
Q

Why cant the krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation occur in anaerobic respiration

A

no final electron acceptor in the ETC oxidative phosphorylation

Reduced NAD and FAD aren’t oxidised by an electron carrier –> no NAD/FAD for dehydrogenation in the krebs cycle.

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15
Q

Describe the process of lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate ( made from glycolysis) gets converted into LACTATE ( lactic acid).
Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme
Reduced NAD loses 2 electrons and becomes NAD (oxidised)

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16
Q

Why cant lactate be stored in the body

A

Toxic chemical which can form cramp in muscles.

if lactate built up , PH would decrease and would inhibit enzyme action involved in glycolysis and muscle contractions

17
Q

How can lactate be removed from the body

A

lactate is removed from cell and travels in the blood stream to the liver to be converted back into glucose
GLUCONEOGENESIS.

18
Q

Describe the process of alcoholic fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate turns into ethanal , a carbon is lost ( decarboxylated) and is catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase
    2.Ethanal is then reduced to ethanol , it gains 2 hydrogens from reduced NAD being converted into NAD.
  2. The NAD gets recycled to the glycolysis reaction to accept more hydrogen atoms
19
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration have a lower yield then aerobic respiration

A

2 vs 32 ATP.

20
Q

What are facuitative anaerobes and what do they do

A

Respires both aerobically and anaerobically

21
Q

Respiratory substrates

A

organic substances that can be oxidised by respiration to produce ATP

22
Q

What are 3 three respiratory substances and their mean energy value

A

LIPIDS - 39.4
PROTEINS - 17.0
CARBS - 15.8

23
Q

What factor determines the amount of ATP produced

A

more hydrogen atoms present the more ATP that can be produced.

More H atoms =more transported by NAD/FAD= steeper the proton gradient = more ATP from chemiosmosis

24
Q

How do lipids get broken down and enter the respiration sequence

A
  1. LIPIDS –> glycerol –> pyruvate in the link reaction
  2. LIPIDS –> fatty acids –> acetyl COA
25
Q

What is the correlation between H atoms and oxygen

A

More hydrogen atoms present the more oxygen needed to respire that substance

26
Q

What happens when we have excess proteins

A
  1. Keto acid enters the respiratory pathway as pyruvate , acetyl coA or in the Krebs cycle
  2. In the liver proteins gets deaminated - turned into urea which gets excreted
27
Q

What does RQ stand for

A

Respiratory Quotient

27
Q

Whats the RQ formula

A

Volume of Co2 produced/ Volume of O2 consumed

in a set volume of time

27
Q

Whats the RQ for respiration

A

1

27
Q

Whats the RQ for carbs , lipids and proteins

A

Carbs = 1

Lipids = 0.7

Proteins = 0.8 - 0.9

28
Q

Why is it disadvantageous to use proteins as an energy source

A

It produces a lower ATP yield , as deamination of amino acids require ATP

29
Q

When do we use proteins as an energy source

A

When lipids and carbohydrates are used up and theres no source of them

30
Q

How are proteins broken down and enter the respiration cycle

A

Proteins –> Pyruvate / Acetyl CoA

31
Q

Why do plants have a lower RQ value

A

CO2 is released in respiration and is used in photosynthesis - therefore its difficult to measure

32
Q

If the RQ value more than 1 , is aerobic or anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration
more co2 is produced than o2

33
Q

Why cant proteins and lipids be aerobically respired

A

They cant go through glycolysis - aerobic respiration .

They enter the respiration system during the Link reaction or the Krebs cycle

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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