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BIOLOGY > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is classification and why do we do it?

A

Classification is the process of placing organisms into taxonomic groups based on similarities
Convenience , identify organisms & their relationships

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2
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic groups

A

Domain , Kingdom , Phylum, Class , Order , Family , Genus , Species

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3
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms ?

A

Prokaryote
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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4
Q

What is the Binomial naming system and why do we use it?

A

the genus and species are used . only the Genus is capitalised
e.g Homo sapiens. Sometimes they’re in italics.;
Its a universal language so we use it

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Grouping together organisms that share a common ancestor

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6
Q

What’s the difference between natural and artificial classification?

A

ARTIFICIAL - based on limited characteristics while not looking at evolutionary past . Not a lot of info

NATURAL - based on many characteristics by showing the evolutionary relationships there’s a lot of info to be provided

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7
Q

What is the 3 domain classification system ?

A

based on ribosomal RNA.
Bacteria , Archaea and Eukaryot

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8
Q

What are the differences between the Domain and kingdom classification?

A

Domain :
3 domains , 6 kingdoms , based on RNA , all eukaryotes are in the same domain
Kingdom:
1 domain , 5 kingdoms where all the eukaryotes are divided , based on physical and genetic similarities.

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9
Q

What is the evidence for classification systems

A

Biological molecules - DNA is used to make molecules for replication and respiration which is essential for all living things so they’ll all have a variant of these so it can show how closely related they are.

Cytochrome C - protein used in respiration. The sequence of amino acids that make the protein help to draw conclusions on how closely related species are

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10
Q

State the features Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular
Small ribosomes
No Nucleus
Looped of naked DNA
No membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

State the features of Protoctista

A

Unicellular
nucleus & membrane bound organelles
autorophic & heterotrophic nutrition
e.e algae

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12
Q

What does autotrophic and heterotrophic mean ?

A

autorophic - absorb small to large molecules
heterotrophic - digest large to small molecules

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13
Q

state the features of Fungi

A

multicellular - sometimes unicellular
saprophytic - cause the decay of matter
have mycelium which consists of a network of hyphae
walls are made from chitin

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14
Q

state the features of Plantae

A

multicellular
have a cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
have chlorophyll for photsynthesis

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15
Q

State the features of Animialia

A

Multicellular
can move around
heterotrophic

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16
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryote

17
Q

Compare the features of Bacteria to Eukaryote and Archaeae

A

Different cell membrane structure (lipids vs peptidoglycan)
Different enzymes to make DNA - RNA polymerase vs DNA polymerase
Flagella with different internal structures
No proteins bound to their genetic material

18
Q

What features of Archaea and Eukaryotes are similar

A

Similar enzymes for building RNA - RNA polymerase
Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and building RNA
Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA

19
Q

why do we use the 3 domains classification instead of kingdom

A

phylogeny fits better
there are fundamental differences between the domains
bacteria and arcahaea have different DNA replication

20
Q

What is natural selection?

A

How the features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population.

21
Q

How did Darwin contribute to the theory of evolution?

A

more offspring then parents
variation in species
offspring’s looked similar to their parents
better adapted induvials survived and reproduced

22
Q

How did Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution

A

similar ideas to Darwin
arrived to the conclusion independently
more evidence was present

23
Q

What evidence is there to support the theory of evolution?

A

Fossils - Darwin saw that organisms changes over time. They’re also used to help link organisms together over time. Fossils can be dated.
Cytochrome C- protein used in all living organisms so amino acid sequence must be the same

24
Q

What is continuous variation ?

A

Variation that can take value between 2 intermediates - a range of values

25
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

When there are 2 or more distinct groups with no intermeiates

26
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

Variation between species

27
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation

A

Inherited combination of alleles
Mutations
Meiosis

28
Q

What are the environmental causes of variation?

A

Sunlight
Food and water availability

29
Q

What factors of variation can be both environmental and genetic

A

skin colour - inherited and the sun
height - both inherited and due to the type of food we eat

30
Q

Describe types of evidence that support the theory of evolution

A

similarities in DNA
similarities in amino acid sequence
similarities in. cytochrome c
evolution within humans.
Similarities imply a close relationship

31
Q

What is an adaptation ?

A

A characteristic which increases the chances of survival

32
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptaions

A

behavioural
anatomical
physiological

33
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation

A

way in which behaviour is adapted for survival

34
Q

what is anatomical adaptation ?

A

Adaptations in an organisms structure

35
Q

what is physiological adaptations

A

They affect away in which a process works

36
Q

Give examples of anatomical adaptations is marram grass

A

long roots
curled leaves
hair on lower epidermis
few stomata
thick waxy cuticle

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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