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BIOLOGY > C6 - Cell division > Flashcards

C6 - Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

sexual VS asexual reproduction
variation VS no variation
4 cells VS 2 cells
crossing over VS no crossing over
haploids VS diploids
gametes VS other cells created

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2
Q

differences between plant cell division and animal cell division

A

centrioles VS no centrioles
cell plated form VS animal burrows

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3
Q

where does cell division happen in plants

A

Meristems

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4
Q

Explain how meiosis results in genetic variation.

A

crossing over - prophase I
Independent assortment - Metaphase I &2
section of DNA swapped between sister chromatids

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5
Q

Discuss the ways in which genetic variation is produced, including the role of nuclear division.

A

independent assortment of homologous chromosomes Metaphase I- randomly arranged across the equator

Homologous chromosomes have different allele

crossing over prophase = more crossing over points the more variation-> new combination of alleles

mutation - changes in DNA if they’re not picked up in checks

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6
Q

Two phases of the cell cycle are

G1 and G2. Outline the processes that take place in these two phases.

A

G1
(more) protein, synthesised / made;
(more) cytoplasm volume increases;
cell, grows / increases in size;
(more) organelles, produced / grow and
divide / replicate

G2
(more) organelles, produced / grow and
divide / replicate;
energy stores, increase / AW;
idea of (DNA) proofreading / checkpoint;

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7
Q

What happens in the S-phase

A

DNA replicates

allowing for the 2 daughter cells to be identical

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8
Q

What makes up interphase

A

G1
G2
S

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9
Q

Explain what G0 is and why cells may enter this stage

A

Resting phase - when the cell isn’t active
cells leave :
differentiated
the cell will try and repair the DNA
senescent- the cells too old to divide anymore

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10
Q

State the roles of the different checkpoints

A

G1 - cell size and damage

G2- check for mutation , cell size and damage

Spindle checkpoint - check if spindle fibres are aligned properly &if the chromosomes are attached

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11
Q

What’s the significance of mitosis (3)

A

Growth of organisms
Repair of damages tissues
Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

What’s the role of histones in Mitosis

A

For the chromosomes to wrap around so they can be condensed and appear more visible

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13
Q

Define Homologous chromosomes

A

One maternal and one paternal chromosomes that have the same genes but different alleles of the same length with the centromere in the same place

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14
Q

Why do gametes have to be haploids

A

So they can form a diploid zygote

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15
Q

Explain the stages of mitosis

A

PROPHASE - nuclear envelope breaks down , chromosomes condense ,centrioles begin to form

METAPHASE - chromosomes align at the equator

ANAPHASE- centromere splits, each chromosome is pulled to opposite poles of the cell, done via the contracting of the cytoskeleton

TELOPHASE - Nuclear envelopes form , chromosomes uncoil and uncondensed , cell surface membrane undergoes cytokines and the spindle fibres break down

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16
Q

Explain the stages of Meiosis I

A

PROHASE 1 - Chromosomes condense , nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres form . CROSSING OVER AT THE CHAISMATA FORMING A BIVALENT

METAPHASE 1- Chromosomes align at the equator and undergo INDEPENDENTT ASSORTMENT

ANAPHASE 1 - Chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles of the cell

TELOHASE 1-Nuclear envelopes form , chromosomes uncoil and uncondensed , cell surface membrane undergoes cytokines and the spindle fibres break down 2 HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS - GENTICLALLY DIFFERENT

17
Q

Explain the stages of Meiosis 2

A

PROPHASE 2 - Chromosomes condense , nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres form .

METAPHASE 2- Chromosomes align at the equator and undergo INDEPENDENTT ASSORTMENT

ANAPHASE 2 - Chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles of the cell , CENTROMERE SPLITS

TELOPHASE 2-Nuclear envelopes form , chromosomes uncoil and uncondensed , cell surface membrane undergoes cytokines and the spindle fibres break down 4 HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS - GENTICLALLY DIFFERENT

18
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of erythrocytes

A

BICONCAVE - increases SA:VOL = more efficient gas exchange
NO NUCLUES - allows fore more haemoglobin to be inside the cell
HAEMOGLOBIN - allows for o2 to bind
FLEXIBLE - can squeeze through the narrow capillaries

allow for the transport of oxygen

19
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of neutrophils

A

type of WBC-
multi lobed nucleus helps with movement
contain lysosomes - hydrolyse pathogens

20
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of squamous epithelium

A

cover cells
1 cell thick - thin diffusion pathway
flattened

21
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of ciliated epithelium

A

in trachea and bronchi –> clear airways

  • goblet cells secrete mucus to trap microorganisms
  • hair like structures waft cilia in a rhythmic manner
22
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of sperm cells

A 
Gamete
Acrosome-digestive enzymes
Mitochondria - ATP for movement
Streamline
Flagellum - aid movement
23
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of palisade cells

A

Chloroplast -photosynthesis
Has layers
Thin wall - easy diffusion
Vacuole-maintain turgor pressure

24
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of guard cells

A

on stomata or gas exchange

  • controlling opening and closing
  • thinner inner walls and thicker outer walls - bending of walls to open
25
Q

Explain the functions and adaptations of root hair cells

A

absorbs ions and water from the soil

  • increased SA
  • mitochondria - ATP for active transport
  • Thin walls - efficient exchange
26
Q

What are 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial -lines organs
connective - support
muscle-contraction
nerve-conduct electrical activity

27
Q

What 2 tissues are involved in controlling ventilation

A

Cartilage- crings which hold airways open

smooth muscle - constrict airways

28
Q

define tissues

A

Group of cells working together to carry out the same function

29
Q

Define stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can specialise and differentiate into any type of celll

30
Q

Totipotent

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into placental and embryonic stem cells , as well as any other type of cell

31
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cells which can differentiate into any type of cells but not embryonic or placental cells

32
Q

Multipotent

A

Stem cells which can turn into a limited range of cells

33
Q

What are sources of stem cells in humans - what cells can be made from them

A

Bone marrow - red blood cells and neutrophils

Adult stem cells

34
Q

What are sources of stem cells in plants -what cells can be made from them

A

Meristem - cambium
any type of cell
plant stem cells an change into any cell over the course of its life

35
Q

What diseases can stem cells treat

A

Alzheimer’s - produce dopamine

Parkinson’s -nerve cells

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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