Animal responses Flashcards
What components make up the CNS
brain and spinal chord
relay neurones and many synapses
What components make up the PNS - what are they broken down into
sensory system and motor systems. –> SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONES
DETECT STIMULI AND CONTROL EFFECTORS. (from sensory organs to glands)
motor system = somatic nervous system +autonomic nervous system.
autonomic nervous system = symphatic + parasymphatic
What is the somatic nervous system in control of
conscious control i.e. motor neurones in arm movement
What is the autonomic nervous system control of
Unconscious activity that is occurring constantly
heartbeat
What type of nervous system”fight or flight” come under and what happens when “fight or flight is triggered”
SYMPHATIC N.S
INCREASED : heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
Pupils dilate , liver releases glucose , decreases digestive activity , orgasm
What is the neurotransmitter used in “fight or flight”
NORADRENALINE
Exlplain the structures of the neurones in “fight or flight”
Lightly myelinated ,Short preganglionic neurones.
Unmyelinated , Long postganglionic neurones
impulses are travelled quickly , few synapses.
What type of nervous system down “rest and digest” come under and what happens when its triggered
PARASYMPAHTIC N.S
DECREASED: heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
pupils constrict , liver stores glucose , increased digestive activity , sexual arousal
What is the neurotransmitter used in “rest and digest”
Acetyl chlorine
Explain the structure of the neurones in “rest and digest”
Lightly myelinated . Long preganglionic neurone
Unmyelinated , Short post ganglionic neurone
What are ganglions / ganglia
cell bodies that connect the CNS to different organs
What’s the function of the cerebrum
Voluntary action
What’s the function of the cerebellum
Non - voluntary action
- movement and balance
What’s the function of the Medulla oblongata
autonomic nervous system - breathing and heart rate
What’s the function of the hypothalamus
homeostatic mechanisms -
thermoregulatiom/osmoregulation
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscles
Cardiac
Skeletal
Involuntary / Smooth muscles
Whats the function of the pituitary gland
Stores and releases hormones
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system - do they break down into anything
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System –> Sensory system and motor system
Whats the transmission of impulses in a reflex action
Stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
Outline what happens in the knee jerk reflex
Patella tendon is hit , causing it to stretch and stimulates stretch receptors
The impulse travels from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone
The effector causes the quadricep to contract- inhibiting the hamstring from contracting
Outline what happens in the Blinking reflex
nerve endings in the cornea are stimulated
impulses travel from the sensory to relay to motor neurones - passing action potential between synapses
Effector - causes corneal muscles to contract and the eyelid to close
Why do we have a blinking reflex
Protect the eye
What is the corneal reflex in response to
touch
What is the optical reflex in response to
light
What is the purpose of reflex actions
prevent harm or damage
What 3 characteristics can we describe reflexes to be
Involuntary - doesn’t overload brain
Inate - don’t have to learn
Rapid - quick response , no brain
What is a baroreceptor and where re they located
Blood pressure receptor
Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries
What is a chemoreceptor - what example in terms of exercise are they used for
Where are they located
Monitor changes in chemicals
monitoring PH level
Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries
Explain how chemoreceptors react when we carry out exercise
More Co2 is produced –> makes carbonic acid which decreases the PH of the blood
–> action potential is sent to the medulla oblongata which sends impulses to the
SAN- noradrenaline binds to the receptors
which causes an increase in heart rate which then leads to more CO2 being exhaled
Explain how chemoreceptors react when we stop doing exercise
less co2 –> less carbonic acid –> higher PH
less nerve impulses sent to the medulla oblongata then the
SAN - acetylcholine binds to the receptors
heart rate decreases
How does noradrenaline affect heart rate
Noradrenaline binds to receptors which causes the cardiac muscles to contract more frequently and with more force causing an increase in heart rate
Explain how the barorecptors react to there being high blood pressure
They cause impulses to be sent to the medulla oblongata –> this causes impulses to be sent to the SAN via parasymphatic neurones .
aceytlcholine binds to receptors on the SAN and causes a decease in heart rate to lower blood pressure
Explain how barorecptors react to there being a low blood pressure
impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata to the SAN via symphatic neurone. noradrenaline binds to receptors on the SAN to cause an increase in Heart rate to increase blood pressur e
