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BIOLOGY > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What components make up the CNS

A

brain and spinal chord

relay neurones and many synapses

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2
Q

What components make up the PNS - what are they broken down into

A

sensory system and motor systems. –> SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONES
DETECT STIMULI AND CONTROL EFFECTORS. (from sensory organs to glands)

motor system = somatic nervous system +autonomic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system = symphatic + parasymphatic

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system in control of

A

conscious control i.e. motor neurones in arm movement

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system control of

A

Unconscious activity that is occurring constantly
heartbeat

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5
Q

What type of nervous system”fight or flight” come under and what happens when “fight or flight is triggered”

A

SYMPHATIC N.S

INCREASED : heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
Pupils dilate , liver releases glucose , decreases digestive activity , orgasm

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6
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in “fight or flight”

A

NORADRENALINE

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7
Q

Exlplain the structures of the neurones in “fight or flight”

A

Lightly myelinated ,Short preganglionic neurones.
Unmyelinated , Long postganglionic neurones
impulses are travelled quickly , few synapses.

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8
Q

What type of nervous system down “rest and digest” come under and what happens when its triggered

A

PARASYMPAHTIC N.S

DECREASED: heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
pupils constrict , liver stores glucose , increased digestive activity , sexual arousal

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9
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in “rest and digest”

A

Acetyl chlorine

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10
Q

Explain the structure of the neurones in “rest and digest”

A

Lightly myelinated . Long preganglionic neurone
Unmyelinated , Short post ganglionic neurone

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11
Q

What are ganglions / ganglia

A

cell bodies that connect the CNS to different organs

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12
Q

What’s the function of the cerebrum

A

Voluntary action

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13
Q

What’s the function of the cerebellum

A

Non - voluntary action
- movement and balance

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14
Q

What’s the function of the Medulla oblongata

A

autonomic nervous system - breathing and heart rate

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15
Q

What’s the function of the hypothalamus

A

homeostatic mechanisms -
thermoregulatiom/osmoregulation

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscles

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Involuntary / Smooth muscles

17
Q

Whats the function of the pituitary gland

A

Stores and releases hormones

18
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system - do they break down into anything

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System –> Sensory system and motor system

19
Q

Whats the transmission of impulses in a reflex action

A

Stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector

20
Q

Outline what happens in the knee jerk reflex

A

Patella tendon is hit , causing it to stretch and stimulates stretch receptors
The impulse travels from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone
The effector causes the quadricep to contract- inhibiting the hamstring from contracting

21
Q

Outline what happens in the Blinking reflex

A

nerve endings in the cornea are stimulated
impulses travel from the sensory to relay to motor neurones - passing action potential between synapses
Effector - causes corneal muscles to contract and the eyelid to close

22
Q

Why do we have a blinking reflex

A

Protect the eye

23
Q

What is the corneal reflex in response to

A

touch

24
Q

What is the optical reflex in response to

A

light

25
Q

What is the purpose of reflex actions

A

prevent harm or damage

26
Q

What 3 characteristics can we describe reflexes to be

A

Involuntary - doesn’t overload brain
Inate - don’t have to learn
Rapid - quick response , no brain

27
Q

What is a baroreceptor and where re they located

A

Blood pressure receptor
Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries

28
Q

What is a chemoreceptor - what example in terms of exercise are they used for
Where are they located

A

Monitor changes in chemicals
monitoring PH level
Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries

29
Q

Explain how chemoreceptors react when we carry out exercise

A

More Co2 is produced –> makes carbonic acid which decreases the PH of the blood

–> action potential is sent to the medulla oblongata which sends impulses to the

SAN- noradrenaline binds to the receptors

which causes an increase in heart rate which then leads to more CO2 being exhaled

30
Q

Explain how chemoreceptors react when we stop doing exercise

A

less co2 –> less carbonic acid –> higher PH

less nerve impulses sent to the medulla oblongata then the

SAN - acetylcholine binds to the receptors

heart rate decreases

31
Q

How does noradrenaline affect heart rate

A

Noradrenaline binds to receptors which causes the cardiac muscles to contract more frequently and with more force causing an increase in heart rate

32
Q

Explain how the barorecptors react to there being high blood pressure

A

They cause impulses to be sent to the medulla oblongata –> this causes impulses to be sent to the SAN via parasymphatic neurones .
aceytlcholine binds to receptors on the SAN and causes a decease in heart rate to lower blood pressure

33
Q

Explain how barorecptors react to there being a low blood pressure

A

impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata to the SAN via symphatic neurone. noradrenaline binds to receptors on the SAN to cause an increase in Heart rate to increase blood pressur e

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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