Animal responses

Question 1

What components make up the CNS

Answer 1

brain and spinal chord

relay neurones and many synapses

Question 2

What components make up the PNS - what are they broken down into

Answer 2

sensory system and motor systems. –> SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONES
DETECT STIMULI AND CONTROL EFFECTORS. (from sensory organs to glands)

motor system = somatic nervous system +autonomic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system = symphatic + parasymphatic

Question 3

What is the somatic nervous system in control of

Answer 3

conscious control i.e. motor neurones in arm movement

Question 4

What is the autonomic nervous system control of

Answer 4

Unconscious activity that is occurring constantly
heartbeat

Question 5

What type of nervous system”fight or flight” come under and what happens when “fight or flight is triggered”

Answer 5

SYMPHATIC N.S

INCREASED : heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
Pupils dilate , liver releases glucose , decreases digestive activity , orgasm

Question 6

What is the neurotransmitter used in “fight or flight”

Answer 6

NORADRENALINE

Question 7

Exlplain the structures of the neurones in “fight or flight”

Answer 7

Lightly myelinated ,Short preganglionic neurones.
Unmyelinated , Long postganglionic neurones
impulses are travelled quickly , few synapses.

Question 8

What type of nervous system down “rest and digest” come under and what happens when its triggered

Answer 8

PARASYMPAHTIC N.S

DECREASED: heart rate, ventilation rate , diameter or airways and blood flow to skeletal muscles
pupils constrict , liver stores glucose , increased digestive activity , sexual arousal

Question 9

What is the neurotransmitter used in “rest and digest”

Answer 9

Acetyl chlorine

Question 10

Explain the structure of the neurones in “rest and digest”

Answer 10

Lightly myelinated . Long preganglionic neurone
Unmyelinated , Short post ganglionic neurone

Question 11

What are ganglions / ganglia

Answer 11

cell bodies that connect the CNS to different organs

Question 12

What’s the function of the cerebrum

Answer 12

Voluntary action

Question 13

What’s the function of the cerebellum

Answer 13

Non - voluntary action
- movement and balance

Question 14

What’s the function of the Medulla oblongata

Answer 14

autonomic nervous system - breathing and heart rate

Question 15

What’s the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 15

homeostatic mechanisms -
thermoregulatiom/osmoregulation

Question 16

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscles

Answer 16

Cardiac
Skeletal
Involuntary / Smooth muscles

Question 17

Whats the function of the pituitary gland

Answer 17

Stores and releases hormones

Question 18

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system - do they break down into anything

Answer 18

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System –> Sensory system and motor system

Question 19

Whats the transmission of impulses in a reflex action

Answer 19

Stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector

Question 20

Outline what happens in the knee jerk reflex

Answer 20

Patella tendon is hit , causing it to stretch and stimulates stretch receptors
The impulse travels from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone
The effector causes the quadricep to contract- inhibiting the hamstring from contracting

Question 21

Outline what happens in the Blinking reflex

Answer 21

nerve endings in the cornea are stimulated
impulses travel from the sensory to relay to motor neurones - passing action potential between synapses
Effector - causes corneal muscles to contract and the eyelid to close

Question 22

Why do we have a blinking reflex

Answer 22

Protect the eye

Question 23

What is the corneal reflex in response to

Answer 23

touch

Question 24

What is the optical reflex in response to

Answer 24

light

Question 25

What is the purpose of reflex actions

Answer 25

prevent harm or damage

Question 26

What 3 characteristics can we describe reflexes to be

Answer 26

Involuntary - doesn't overload brain Inate - don't have to learn Rapid - quick response , no brain

Question 27

What is a baroreceptor and where re they located

Answer 27

Blood pressure receptor Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries

Question 28

What is a chemoreceptor - what example in terms of exercise are they used for Where are they located

Answer 28

Monitor changes in chemicals monitoring PH level Aorta , vena cava and carotid arteries

Question 29

Explain how chemoreceptors react when we carry out exercise

Answer 29

More Co2 is produced --> makes carbonic acid which decreases the PH of the blood --> action potential is sent to the medulla oblongata which sends impulses to the SAN- noradrenaline binds to the receptors which causes an increase in heart rate which then leads to more CO2 being exhaled

Question 30

Explain how chemoreceptors react when we stop doing exercise

Answer 30

less co2 --> less carbonic acid --> higher PH less nerve impulses sent to the medulla oblongata then the SAN - acetylcholine binds to the receptors heart rate decreases

Question 31

How does noradrenaline affect heart rate

Answer 31

Noradrenaline binds to receptors which causes the cardiac muscles to contract more frequently and with more force causing an increase in heart rate

Question 32

Explain how the barorecptors react to there being high blood pressure

Answer 32

They cause impulses to be sent to the medulla oblongata --> this causes impulses to be sent to the SAN via parasymphatic neurones . aceytlcholine binds to receptors on the SAN and causes a decease in heart rate to lower blood pressure

Question 33

Explain how barorecptors react to there being a low blood pressure

Answer 33

impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata to the SAN via symphatic neurone. noradrenaline binds to receptors on the SAN to cause an increase in Heart rate to increase blood pressur e