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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the cytoplasm & mitochondria

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2
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Only in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kreb’s cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Process by which a glucose molecule is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate
Occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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5
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 phosphate molecules are added to produce hexose bisphosphate
  • glucose phosphorylation makes glucose more reactive so it can be split more easily
  • phosphate molecules are taken from 2 hydrolysed ATP molecules
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6
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis?

A

Hexose bisphosphate is split to produce 2 triose phosphate molecules

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7
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis?

A
  • dehydrogenase removes a hydrogen atom from each of the triose phosphate molecules
  • oxidation + each H atom is accepted by an NAD+ molecule to produce NADH
  • phosphates from each triose phosphate molecule are used to produce 2 ATP molecules each
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8
Q

What is the final result of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules
2 NADH+ molecules
Net of 2 ATP

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9
Q

How does pyruvate get into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

It’s actively transported across by pyruvate H+ symport

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10
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

The conversion of 2 pyruvates to two 2-carbon acetyl groups through decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

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11
Q

What is the link reaction catalysed by?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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12
Q

What is the process of the link reaction?

A
  • a carboxyl group is removed producing CO2
  • Hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvate and are accepted by NAD+ to form NADH
  • acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to produce acetylCoA
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13
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A series of enzyme catalysed reactions that occur to oxidise the acetylCoA produced in the links reaction
For every glucose molecule there are 2 turns of the Krebs cycle

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14
Q

What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl group is release from acetylCoA

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15
Q

What is the second step of the Krebs cycle?

A

2C acetyl group combines with 4C oxaloacetate to form the 6C compound citrate

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16
Q

What is the third step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citrate is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated to produce a CO2 molecule, an NADH+ molecule and a 5C compound

17
Q

What is the fourth step of the Krebs cycle?

A

5C compound is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated to produce a CO2 molecule, an NADH+ molecule and a 4C compound

18
Q

What is the fifth step of the Krebs cycle?

A

4C compound temporarily combines with CoA + ATP is produced

19
Q

What is the name of the process by which ATP is produced from ADP + Pi?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

20
Q

What is the sixth step of the Krebs cycle?

A

4C compound is dehydrogenated to form a different 4C compound and FADH

21
Q

What is the seventh step of the Krebs cycle?

A

New 4C compound is dehydrogenated to produce oxaloacetate + NADH
Catalysed by isomerase

22
Q

What is the final product of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
2 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH

23
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

24
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

25
Q

What is the first step of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • NADH gives up electrons to NADH dehydrogenase
  • FADH gives up electrons to electron carrier
  • forms NAD + FAD
26
Q

What is the second step of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

As electrons move down to the next carrier they lose some energy which is used to pump H ions across to the intermembrane space
This continues as electrons move further down the chain

27
Q

What is the final step of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electrons combine with oxygen to form water which frees the chain so the process can repeat
This process creates an electrochemical gradient

28
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis?

A
  • H ions move down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
  • provides energy for ATP synthesis from ADP + Pi
  • produces a lot of ATP (26-32 molecules)
29
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Only glycolysis continues + pyruvate acts as a hydrogen acceptor to form lactated and oxidised NAD

30
Q

What happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

Transported to liver via bloodstream where it is oxidised to pyruvate

Can enter link reaction in liver cells or be converted to glycogen

31
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in some microorganisms?

A

Only glycolysis continues
Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal
Ethanal is reduced to ethanol using NADH to produce oxidised NAD for further glycolysis

Biology (39 decks)

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