Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 1

• source + storage of energy

- structural function

Question 2

What 3 element make up carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 3

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 3

Soluble and sweet-tasting building blocks for more complex carbohydrates

Question 4

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 4

(CH20)n

Question 5

Name 3 hexose monosaccharides.

Answer 5

Fructose
Galactose
Glucose

Question 6

Glucose formula + function

Answer 6

• C6H1206
• main source of energy for respiration
• building blocks for larger carbohydrates

Question 7

Properties of glucose

Answer 7

• small so easily transported in and out of cells through carrier proteins
• soluble so easily transported around an organism
• less reactive so break down must be catalysed and controlled by enzymes

Question 8

Isomers of glucose

Answer 8

• alpha + beta glucose

- different hydroxyl group position

Question 9

What is a polysaccharide of alpha-glucose?

Answer 9

Amylose

Question 10

What is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose?

Answer 10

Cellulose

Question 11

What is ribose?

Answer 11

• pentose sugar

- found in many important biological molecules like RNA + ATP

Question 12

What are disaccharides?

Answer 12

Sugars formed by joining 2 monosaccharides in a condensation reaction creating a glycosidic bond

Question 13

What makes up maltose?

Answer 13

2 alpha-glucose molecules

Question 14

What is maltose used for?

Answer 14

Found in germinating seed as more complex carbohydrates are broken down for energy

Question 15

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 15

Alpha-glucose + fructose

Question 16

What is sucrose used for?

Answer 16

Transported in the phloem to provide sugars to parts of the plants

Question 17

What is lactose made of?

Answer 17

Alpha-glucose + galactose

Question 18

What is lactose used for?

Answer 18

Found in mammalian milk to provide energy for infant animals

Question 19

How are glycosidic bonds named?

Answer 19

Based off which carbon atoms the bonds are between e.g maltose has a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 20

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 20

Complex carbohydrates made up of multiple monosaccharides formed in a series of condensation reactions

Question 21

What is a true polysaccharide?

Answer 21

A polysaccharide made up of 10+ monosaccharides

Question 22

What is an oligosaccharide?

Answer 22

A polysaccharide made up of 3-10 monosaccharides

Question 23

In what ways can a polysaccharide be broken down?

Answer 23

Either by taking off the monosaccharide at the end of the chain or by breaking in half over and over

Question 24

How is excess chemical energy stored?

Answer 24

By forming alpha glucose polysaccharides

Question 25

Why are alpha-glucose polysaccharides well-suited for energy storage?

Answer 25

• compact so a lot of energy can be stored in a small space
• insoluble in water so no impact on the water potential of a cell
• large so they do not diffuse out of the cell
• easily hydrolysed into alpha-glucose when energy is needed