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Biology 20 > Resperation unit test > Flashcards

Resperation unit test Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we need oxygen

A

for celluar resp

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2
Q

where does CO2 come from

A

product of celluar resp and is not used by our cells

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3
Q

function of the resp system

A

take in oxygen and release CO2 to the enviornment

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4
Q

2 main requirments for respiration

A
  1. Large surface area: max o2 and co2 exchange rate
  2. Noist enviornment: dissolve O2 and CO2
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5
Q

4 stages in respiration

A
  1. Breathing-inspiration (inhale) and expiration (exhale)
  2. External resp- exchange of gases between air and blood
  3. Internal resp- exchange of gases between blood and body tissues
  4. Cell Resp- energy relasing chemical reactions that take place within the cell
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6
Q

functions of nassal passages

A
  • air passes through and is warmed and moistened
  • air passages are lined with cilliated cells, mucus cells
  • cells moisten and filter incoming air
  • ## mucus traps forgein invaders and sweep into pharynx when sneezed or coughed out
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7
Q

functions of pharynx

A
  • warmed air goes through passageway into resp system (throat)
  • also carries food and water to digestive system
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8
Q

functions of epiglottis

A
  • air passes flap of cartilage that lies behind the tounge
  • serves to close opening to tranchea when person swallows
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9
Q

functions of glottis

A
  • opening to trachea
  • must be covered when swallowing in order to prevent food/ drink passing into lungs
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10
Q

what is the larynx

A
  • cointains vocal cords, glottis, epiglottis
  • vocal cords contract/ vibrate when u speak
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11
Q

what is the trachea

A
  • carries air to lungs
    -supported by rings of cartilage
  • lined with cilia and mucus secreting cells
  • cilia beat 20x per minute to move trapped particles up tp pharynx
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12
Q

smoking effect on cilia

A

shortened length and decresed beat frequency, less fluid

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13
Q

function of bronchi (bronchus)

A
  • just abouve heart
  • trachea branches into 2 bronchi
  • carry air from tracnhea to lungs
  • supported by cartillagirous rings
  • lined with cilia and mucus producing cells
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14
Q

function if bronchioles

A
  • sub divison of bronchi within each lung
  • do not coitain cartillage
  • lined with cilia and mucus providing cells
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15
Q

function of alveoil (alveolus)

A
  • end of terminal bronchioles
  • tiny clusters of air sacs found at end of bronchioles
  • site of gas exchange
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16
Q

specialized straucture of alveoli for diffusion

A
  • moist membrane
  • large sa
  • inner surface covered with single layer of lipid
  • thin walls for diffusion
  • immediatly next to pulmonary capillaries
    -reduces surface tension allowing easy expansion to twice their size with each breath
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17
Q

function of lungs

A
  • primary organ of respiratory system
  • divided into 2 lobes - right lung has three lobers where left lung only has 2 in order to make room for heart
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18
Q

function of pleural membrane

A
  • thin fluid filled mmebrane surrounding the lungs
  • allows lungs to expand and contract with movement of the chest
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19
Q

diaphragm function

A

dome shaped layer of muscle sperating the lungs (thoracas cavity) from stomach/liver (abdominal cavity)
works with lrub muscles to move air in and out of lungs

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20
Q

what does breathing rely on

A

movement of gases from area of high pressure to area of low pressure

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21
Q

what is inhaltion

A

intercoastal muscle contract lifting rib cages up and out, diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards as lung exapnds and air moves in

22
Q

what is exhalation

A

intercoastal muscles relax allowing rib cage to return to normal position diaphragm also moves upwards resuming its domed shape
as lung contract air moves out

23
Q

3 muscles for breathing

A
  • diaphragm: dome shape layer of muscle sperating thoraic cavity from abdomen
  • rib muscles: intercoastal muscles found between ribs, extend to diaphragm
  • neck muscles: for deep and laboured breathing
24
Q

how does breathing occor

A

pressure difference between atmosphere and chest cavity determine movement of gases into and out of lungs
-atmospheric pressure: constant
- chest cavity may vary
HIGH to LOW pressure

25
Q

steps to inspiration

A
  • external rib muscles and diaphragm contract
  • ribe cage moves up and outwards
  • diaphragm downwards
  • volume of thoraic cavity increase
  • air pressure in lungs decrease
  • air rushes in
  • active process (use energy) where breath is drawn into lungs with air of muscle contraction*
26
Q

steps to expiration

A
  • rib cages moves down and inward
    -diaphragm upward
  • volume of thoaric cavity descreases
  • air pressure in lungs increases
  • air leaves the lungs
27
Q

how does high acidity regulate breathing

A

excess CO2 dected by chemorecpetors in the brain
- stimulate nerve response to increase breathing
- expells more CO2 and acidity evntually decreases

28
Q

how do low levels of oxygen regulate breathing

A
  • dected by chemorecpetors in carotid artery
  • sends nerve impulse in brain
  • increase breathing rate= more oxygen
29
Q

key points to manual breathing

A
  • over ride mdeullar oblongata by thinking
    if CO2 levels get to high medulla oblongaate (brain) take over
    occurs when holding breath
30
Q

gas exchange through external resp

A

occurs between alveoli and capillaries next to them
oxygen and Co2 must diffuse through larger kayer of cells lining alveolus and the layer of cells lining pulmonary arteries to enter/ exit the blood
- as blood moves away from body tissues it is oxygen poor and CO2 rich
as it moves from lung capillaries oxygen from the air in alveoli diffuses in capillaries and CO2 diffues out of the blood
- does not require energy

31
Q

gas exchange through internal resp

A
  • capillaries and body tissues
    -oxygen diffues from the blood into oxygen poor tissues while CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood
32
Q

internal resp: oxygen transport

A

99% is transported through hemoglobin reminder carried in plasma
oxyhemoglobin pases a tissue requiring oxygen, oxygen falls off and diffuses through capillary into tissues
Attaching of oxygen to hemoglobin is affect by:
- concentration of oxygen: increase oxygen, increase binidng
- ph: descrease ph, descrease binding
temp: increase temp, decsrease in binding

33
Q

Internal resp: co2

A

co2 is more soluble in blood
buildup of CO2 in tissues CO2 will move out the tissues to the blood
23% carried by hemoglobin
7% in plasma
70% dissolved and carried by blood in form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

34
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing normally

35
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond regualr (tidal) inhaltion

36
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additionial volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond regular exhaltion

37
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling as much as possible
(tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume+ inspiratory reserve volume)

38
Q

residual volume

A

amount of gas remaining in lungs after full exhaltion ( must remain or passages would collapse)

39
Q

total lung capacity

A

max amounf of air that can be help in lungs after max inhalition
vital cpacity+ residual volume

40
Q

name for hemoglobin bonded to oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

41
Q

name for hemoglobin bonded to carbon dioxide

A

carbominohemoglobin

42
Q

name for hemoglobin bonded to carbon monoixde

A

carboxyhemoglobin

43
Q

what would happen if their was a partial puncture in the plural membrane

A
  • air sneak in puncture surrounding lungs
  • air takes up space, lungs take up less space
    less space for lungs= lungs has smaller volume, air pressure in lungs is greater
    called pehunothroax
44
Q

why is breathing diffucult at higher pressures

A

atmospheric pressure is lower so more similar to pressure inside lungs making it harder for air to move in

45
Q

some things that happen at high pressure

A

blood oxygen levels drop
- initial response to low 02 levels increases breathing rate and elevated heart rate
- hyperventaliting causes high pH (CO2 levels too low)
- breathing and rate heart doubles
stress to cardiovasucalr system

46
Q

accliminatization to high pressure

A

increase production of RBC/ Hemogloblin
- capillaries in muscles multiply enhancing oxygen delviery \
- imporves oxygen intake and transporttaiton to cells

47
Q

what is pheumonia

A

aveoli filled with thick fluid making gas exchange diffucult

48
Q

bronchitits:

A

airways inflamed due to infection or irritant (chronic)

49
Q

asthma

A

airways inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles constrist due to muscle spasms

50
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli burst and fuse into englarged air spaces, surface area for gas exchange is reduced

Biology 20 (11 decks)

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