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Biology 20 > excretion quiz > Flashcards

excretion quiz Flashcards

1
Q

different parts of excretory system

A

digestive system: produces urea from amino acids
resp system: co2 and water elimination
skin: excretes water and mineral ions

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2
Q

nirtgoen waste in aquotic, terrestrial and terrestiral egg layers

A

aquotic: afford to lose water, excretes ammonia (most toxic)
terrestrial: needs to conserve water, urea is less toxic
egg layers: need to conserve water protect emrbyoiness, uric acid least toxic

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3
Q

what are wastes

A

excess useless material body does not need them, buildup can be harmful

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4
Q

what are the three roles of exretory system

A
  1. removes wastes from blood
  2. maintains chemical composition of blood
    regulates levels of Na+ and K+
    maintains blood pH (7.4) with Hydorgen \
  3. maintains water balance in blood
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5
Q

kidneys

A

located in lower back
can live with just one
filters blood to produce urine

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6
Q

ureters

A
  • tubes that collect urine from kidneys, 28cm long
  • muscular: similar structure to esophagus
  • urine moves through by peristalisis
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7
Q

bladder

A
  • urine storage, two sphinaters control emptying
  • Inner spincter is controlled by brain
    -outer sphincter under voluntary control
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8
Q

urethra

A

tube through which urine exits the body
approx 20 cm long in males, 4cm long in females

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9
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

outerlayer of kidney
- shape and protection
contain part of nephrons

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10
Q

what is renal arteries

A

brings blood to kidneys, blood coming to kidney contains wastes
also contains oxygen, blood comes from the aorta

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11
Q

what is renal vien

A

carries cleaned blood from kidneyss
removes co2 from kidneys
low in o2 high in co2

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12
Q

what is renal medulla

A

second layer of kidneys
cointains nephrons, viltration/reaborption

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13
Q

what is renal pelvis

A

inner layer of kidneys
collects urine to funnel into ureter

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14
Q

what is neuphron and 3 roles

A
  • microsocipic tubules that filter and process urine
    1. filter: glomerous, bowmans capsule
    2. tube- loop of henle
    3. duct- collecting duct
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15
Q

main functions of neuphron

A
  • each kidney cointains approx 1 million
  • allows for reabosption of water and solutes back into blood stream
    maintains homeostasis
  • each part pf neuphon is responsible for removal and addition of certain substances
  • any soulutes not reabosred are excreted in urine
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16
Q

what is reabsorption

A

neuphron to blood

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17
Q

what is secretion

A

blood to neuprhon

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18
Q

movemt of blood

A

aorta
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus (group of capillaries)n
efferent arteriooles (leaves glomerous this way)
peritubular capillaries
venule
renal vein (exits kidney)
vena cava (back to heart

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19
Q

movement of urine

A

bowmans capsule
proximal xonculated tubule
descending loop of henle
assecding loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis
ureter

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20
Q

what is the bowmans capsule

A

renal artery splits into glomerulus (caplillarys)
imperable to large molecules such as proteins
permeable to small proteins (waters ions) filtrates
higher pressure through affert arteriole—> low pressure in efferent arteriole

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21
Q

what is a duct

A

tubule empties into collecting ducts
resobsorbes water
filtrate that mains within duct is a suspension with waste solutes–> urine
solute/ water that is reabosrbed goes back to body through renal veins

22
Q

what is urea

A

amount of urea formed is portpoinal to amount of proteins consumed
in the liver excess proteins are converted to carbohydrates forming toxic ammonia as by product
ammonia + co2 = urea

23
Q

4 crucial process in urine formation

A
  1. glomerular filtration- moves water and small solutes from blood plasma to nephron
  2. tubule reabosption- reaborbs useful solutes (sodium) from nephron back into blood strea,
  3. tubular secretion- additional wastes move from capillary into nephron
  4. water reabosption - removes water from filtrate and returns to blood
24
Q

2 important factors to glomerular filtration

A
  1. capillaries in glomerlus are extra permebale due to tiny pore tissues in walls
    small molecules move out large proteins kept in
  2. blood pressure in 4x higher in this capillary bed then any other
    up to 2000L of water pass through kidneys each day
    - acts as high pressure filter allows only certain substances to enter bowans capsule
25
Q

what is urine smell

A

smell comes from urea that passes through glomerous
obtain more protein then cells require

26
Q

key points to tubular reabosption

A

65% of filtrate that passes through proximal tubule is reabsorbed and returned to body
active and passive transport mechanisms
anions and water return to blood through diffusion and osmosis

27
Q

proximial tubule

A

cells have mnay mitchondria provides energy for glucose and sodium active transport
anions and water return to blood through diffusion and osmosis

28
Q

loop of Henle

A

functions to further reasorb water and ions from filtrate

29
Q

descending limb (loop of henle part) reabsorption

A

cells are permebale to water and only slightly permeable to ions/solutes
as loops dips to the medulla surrounding environment gets saltier
water moves out into surrounding capillaries

30
Q

assceding limb thin porition

A

cells impermeable to water slightly permeable to ions/solutes
sodium and chloride ions pass from the concentrated filtrate (inside) to capillaries through diffusion reabsobing more salt

31
Q

asceding limb thick protion

A

sodium and chloride ions are removed from filrate by active transport
this movement function to maintain saltiness of the medulla and make filtrate less concentrated then surrounding
increases water reabsorption
permeable to urea and sodium but no water

32
Q

distale tubulbe

A

reabosption of sodium in distal tubule is done by active transport
passive transport - abosprtion of negative ions occurs by electrical attraction
decreased filtrate concentration triggers the movement of water out of tubule through osmosis
potassium and hydrogen are actively transported into tubule (filtrate) and maintains blood pH
drugs and metabolites are secreted into distal tubule

33
Q

what is aldosterone

A

makes dital tubule more permebale to NaCl as a result water is also reabosrsbed to main osmotic gradient (indirect increase in water reabosption)

34
Q

what is the collecting duct

A

the filtrate that enters the duct still contains a lot of water
- cells are permeable to water
- sodium is reabsorbed by active transport
- collecting duct passes through salty medulla–> water moves out of iltrate via osmosis
- direct reabosption of water

35
Q

what is ADH (antidetric hormone)

A

increases permebaility of collecting ducts to H2O
- alcholo an dcaffine decrease ADH creating water loss
to much ADH increases blood pressure
too little ADH results in dehyrdartion

36
Q

what is dehydration caused by

A

perminablity of water water from distall tubule and collecting duct is increased due to increase in adrenal glands and decrease in ADH

37
Q

tubular secretion and 3 parts it moves blood too

A

movement of wastes from blood into the:
- proximal tubule
- distal tubule
- collecting duct of nephron
some substances that are secreted are ammonia, and excess hydrogen/ minerals

38
Q

what is pH controlled by

A

pH needs to stay at 7.4
1. acid-base buffering: adding hydrogen ions to bicardbonate uon to form carbonic acid and vise versa
2. breathing rate: increases breathing gernates more CO2 lowering blood pH
3. Secretion/ reabosption of hydoregn ions–> kidneys excrete H+ and rebaosrb HCO3- if blood is acidic and no neither if blood is too basic

39
Q

what is retention and release of water controlled by

A

osmotic pressure: lots of solutes in blood and little water
blood pressure: low blood pressure usually indicates low levels of water in blood

40
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

structure in brain that cointains speciallized cells called osomorecpetors and monitor osmotic pressure

41
Q

what do osmorecpetors signal

A

posterior pituitary to either
- promote of inhibited ADH release in blood stream
- ADH targets collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb water back into the blood

42
Q

what happens when a person is too dehydrated

A

blood is too conecntrated
- osmotic pressure increases
-osmoreceptors in brain signal pituitary in brain to release ADH
- increase permeability of collecting duct
- decrease urine output

43
Q

what happens when a person is hydrated

A
  • blood is dilute
  • osmotic pressure decreases
  • osmorecptors stop signalling the release of ADH
  • collecting duct becomes less permebeale
  • increase in urine output
44
Q

what is aldosterone

A
  • hormone made in adrenal glands
  • glands realease aldosterone is response to action of hormones from hypothalamus
45
Q

what does aldosterone stimulate

A
  • stimulates distal tubule and collecting tubule to reasorb sodium ions if conc is too low
    (followed by passive diffusive and osmosis of chloride ions and water)
  • stimulates secretion of potassium ions into distal and collecting duct if too much in blood ( high conc)
46
Q

what is diabetes mellitus
- how to test
- symptoms

A

dectedt by urine anaylyis
indiviudals who are unable to secrete insulin therefore cannot store glucose
high concentrated of glucose more water also excreted
EXTREME thirst and urine
- can be detected with benedicts test

47
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

ADH producing cells are destroyed, dramtic increase in urine output (up to 20L) decrease in rebaosrption of water
have to drink huge amounts of water to maintain fluid balance

48
Q

nephrosis

A

proteins/ large molecules enter nephron because damaged blood vessels molecules cannot be reabosrbed
increase in urine production
test urine with biruet test

49
Q

nephritis

A

type of nephrosis where glomerluus is inflamed
decrease in urine
may see blood in pee

50
Q

kidney stones

A

cyrstalline formations usally from excess calcium stones
more then 2-3 mm can get stuck in utter
caused by urinary tract infections or
low water consumption or high mineral consumption

51
Q

UTI

A

urniary tract infection
most common problems can be viral or bacterial
most painful during urination
urge to urinate even when no urine present
more common in women then men

Biology 20 (13 decks)

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