circulatory system- blood quiz 2 Flashcards
what is blood plasma
consists of approx 90% water, also has protiens nutreints and hormones
plays role in transport of CO2
2 compentents of the blood
fluid- plasma (55% of total blood)
solid- red and white blood cells (45%)
what are erythrocytes and role
red blood cells (45% of blood)
- specialized for oxyegn transport
- no nucleas
- oxyegn carrying capicarty depends on number of rbc and amount of hemoglobin
what is hemoglobin
iron cointaining pigment found in RBC’s that allows large amounts of oxygen to bind and some CO2
what is amenia
depressed hemocrit (red blood cells) levels
what is polycythemia
elavated hemocrit levels
what is sickle cell amenia
genetic condition where red blood cells do not develop properlly
they cannot bind to hemoglobin and are unable to efficently carry oxyegn
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
part of immune respone
double when body is fighting a virus
make up less then 1% of blood volume
much larger then red blood cells
all have a nucleas
what are granulocytes
type of wbc
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophills
stay in blood steam
engulf and destory bacteria and forgein bodies
non specific and no memory
what are moncytes
type of wbc
exit blood stream and become specialized macrophases
engulf and destory bacteria and forgein bodies
non specific and no memory
what are lymphocytes
can prodcue antibodes that tag and incapacitate pathogens, specific and has memory
what are platelet
do not have nucleas
break down quick in blood, life span 5-9 days
fragments of cell that form when cells and bone marrow break apart
play key role in blood clotting
5 stages of blood clotting
- injured blood vessles realses chemical messengers which attract platelets
2, collecting plate;ets reputre and releases substances that combine with other blood compents to produce enzyme called thromboplasim - with help of valcium ions, thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin (proteon sectreted by liver) producing thrombin
- thrmbon reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin
- Fibrin strands act as sort of mesh preventing blood cells from escaping by forming a clot
what is leukemia
cancer of bone marrow (where white blood cells are produced)
characterized by abnormal increase in the production of immature white blood cells
- weakens the immune system
- also prevents blood from clotting normally leading to frequent nose bleeds and burising
what is hemophilla
hereditary disease
results from insufficent clotting protiens in blood
increases risk of bleeding to death upon i jury
3 functions of the blood
- transport
2, homeostatic regulation - protection
explain blood transport
blood trasnport is connected to all other body sustems
digestion: capillaries in small intestine wall absorb nutrients
respiration: capillary beds in lungs allow for gas exchange
urinary: metabolic wates, mineral ions and other waste products are carried by blood into kidneys
what is homeostatic regulation
nervous system can control the loss of heat by body by adjusting the amount of blood that flows closer to skins surface
what is vasodilation
process of blood vessels expanding and moving towards the skin to release heat
sweat glands secrete fluid as fluid evaporates heat is lost from the body
what is vasoconstriction
process of blood vessles contracting and moving away from the skin to conerve heat
regulated by BP and metabolic activity
sweat glands do not secrete fluids, shivering generates heat warming the body (heat retained)
stimulus response when decrease in enviornemntal temp in thermoregulation
contriction of blood vessles in skin, body hairs become errect, shivering
result: heat conserved more heat generated by increase in metabolism
stimulus response in increased enviornemental temp
diliation of blood vessles of skin, sweating
heat is dissipated
how does blood presure impact termoregulation
high BP is result of vasocontriction, low BP result of vasodilation
how does exercise impact termoregulation
promotes vasodilation in order to increase blood flow to tissues
how does alcohol and nicotine impact termoregulation
alcholo promotes vasodilation and nicotine promotes vasocontriction
3 main roles of lympathic system
- maintain fluid balance: plasma (exiting capillaries) amd interestital fluid can enter vessles of lympthatic system in form of lymph
- Transport lipids: specialized lymph capillaries in intestines dispoerse digested fats
- lymphocytes and macropages located in lymph nodes
network of vessles closely assoicated with capillaries of cardiovascular sustem
what is lymph
help maintain balance of fluids in body, bathing celles in interestrial fluid as it mixes with general blood cirulation
what are lymph nodes
where white blood cells mature, they also cointain macrophages, type of white blood cell that traps and destroys bacteria
why do lymph nodes swell
infections lead to increase of macropahges
what is a pathogen
organism that can cause disease in the host upon infection
celluar: living
acelluar: non living
what is the first line of defense
Barriers
- physical: eyelashes, cilia, nose hairs
- chemical: mucous, tears, saliva
- skin: hostile environment for microorganisms all cointains bacteria
what is the second line of defense
Non specific defense , innate (born with it)
- neutrophils: 1st to arrive, phagocytic process of engulfing and destorying harmful pathogens
- monocytes( become macorphages) : second to arrice devour pathogens dead tissues and dead neutrophils
- Inflamotory response : damage to tissues causes capillariers to swell and leak relaseing phagocytes or WBC to wounds
- Fever: white blood cells relases chemicals to trigger hypthalmus to increase body temp, white blood cells work better viruses do not
what is the third line of defense
Specific denfense ( adaptive )
- number of lymphocytic white blood cells target pathogens according to specifc markers they present, two types T-cells and B-cells
what are helper t cells
reconignze forgein antiegns
chemical signal is relased
stimulates more macrophages (b and t cells)
what are suppressor t cells
monitor killer t cells to make sure they do not destory healthy tissues, ends immune response and inhibt other t and b cells
what are killer t cells
reconignze forgein antigen on infected cells or cnacerous cells and then bind puncture and destory infected cells
what are memory t cells
do not respond on first exposure but remain in blood for future invasion, keeps record of the antigens on the invading particle for quicker response
what are B cells
recrtuted to site of phagocystosiis by t cells made in bone marrow
what are plasma b cells
produce antibodies that reconizge and attatch to antigens of specific pathogens essentially slowing pathogen down and making it for descrution through phagocytos
what are memory b cells
display antibody like protiens that match antigen ( protiens) presented by that particular pathogen
- remain in blood stream so that if they ever encountered that pathogen again they can quickly call a phagocyte to the scene
what are antibodies
proteins that recognize the antigens displayed by foreigh particles and trigger series of events to quickly neutralize or destory them,
- speciifc to different pathogens and are genterated after white blood cells destory said pathogens through phagocytosis
how is immune system devolped
through various exposure to different forgein substances
after infection antibodies remain in blood stream to be ready for next attack
what are allgeries
exaggerated immune response to harmless material, 2 types
acute: occors within seconds
delayed: slower, lasts lower
what is HIV
targets and kills t cells thereby preventing immune system from working properly, cripples immune system
what is autoimmune disease
when t cells or antibodies mistakenly attack body’s own cells
examples: celliac disease, rheumoatoid, type 1 diabeties
what is blood transfusion
transfer of blood from one person to another
- tend to be only blood cells not plasma
-only antigens are transfued not antibodies
what are antigens
specific proteins that are embedded in membrane or red blood cells
Cell ID
what are antibodies
specific proteins found in blood plasma
bind to specific antigens
inactive invaders or active macropahges to destory invaders
type-a blood type
has a-antigens on red blood cell surface and b-antibodies in plasma
type-b blood type
has b-antigens on RBC surface and A-antibodies in plasma
type AB blood type
has a and b antigens on Red blood cell surface and no ab antibodies in plasma
type o blood
no a/b antigens on RBC surface and both a and b antibodies in plasma
what is agguluntination
clumping of red blood cells, incompatiacble
what is the universal donor
type o blood
cointains neither antigens on its RBC’s
lack of antigen=invisible when entering blood stream
does have n=both antibodies but antobodies are not transfered
what is the universal recpient
blood type AB
plasma cointains neither recipiant
won’t reconigze any antigens coming into blood so not aggiltination
what is the rhesus factor
found in membranes of RBC
Rh posotive
- antigen present do not have anti-Rh antibodies
Rh negative
antiegn is not present however most Rh- people will not have antibody present unless they have been exposed to Rh- factos during transfusion or pregnacy
