cell resp

Question 1

formula for cell reso

Answer 1

C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

Question 2

three main steps of aerobic cell resp

Answer 2

1) Glycolysis
2) Kreb’s Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain

Question 3

which part of equation is oxidized and which part is reduced

Answer 3

glucose is oxidized (loss of hydrogen atom) while oxygen is reduced (gain or hydrogen atom)
- it is a oxidiation-reduction reaction

Question 4

how mnay atp molecules are resulted from breakdown of one glucose

Answer 4

36-38 ATP

Question 5

2 ways cells harvest energy from food it takes in

Answer 5

Anaerboic: glucose metabolism in absence of oxygen, produces 2 ATP molecules and either ethanol or lactic acid
2 stages are glycolysis and fermentation
Aeerobic: glucose metabolism with oxygen produces 36 ATP, CO2 and H20
involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle and electron transport

Question 6

three pathways for energy relase

Answer 6

-aerobic cell resp
- anaerobic cell resp
- fermentation: anaerobic process but not technically classified

Question 7

first step to cell resp

Answer 7

glycolysis
- without oxygen
- generates a small amount of ATP and pyruvate which is a large amount of chemical energy
- main role is to split glucose (6-carbon) into two molecules of pyruvate
- After energy is added it splits into 2, 3-carbon molecules
- more reactions occur when some ATP is synthesised and NAD+ is reduced to NADH
- amount syntheised is greater then amount used to start the process
- net gain of 2 ATP molecules
-

Question 8

products of gylcosis

Answer 8

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate 3 carbon
and occurs in cytoplasm

Question 9

what does NAD+ do in gylcosis

Answer 9

removes hydrogen electrons from intermediate carbon to form 2 NADH and release 2 Hyrogen ions in cytoplasm

Question 10

what is the pre krebs cycle

Answer 10

occurs in matrix of mitochonria
- pyruvate loses a carbon in the form of CO2
- other two carbon atoms are bonded to coenzyme A this is called acetyl group
- Another NAD+ is reduced to NADH
- CO2 is released

Question 11

what are the end products of pre krebs cycle

Answer 11

• 2 NADH
• 2 CO2
• 2 acetyl CoA

Question 12

what is CoA

Answer 12

coenzyme a
it is like a tow truck
attaches to the 2-carbon compound “acetyl group” and tows it to krebs cycle

Question 13

main role and final products of krebs cycle

Answer 13

produce even more high energy compounds (NADH and FADH2)
products
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2 (by product)
1 ATP

Question 14

how many times does the krebs cycle need to occur

Answer 14

twice per each molecule of glucose

Question 15

by the end of the krebs cycle what has happened to to all 6-carbons

Answer 15

they have been oxidized and released in the form of CO2

Question 16

what is FAD/FADH2

Answer 16

electron carries that transfer electrons from glycolysis and krebs cycle of resp to ETC

Question 17

where is the majority of ATP produced

Answer 17

electron transport chain (speciifcally chemiosmosis )

Question 18

where is the etc and what does it involve

Answer 18

inner membrane of mitochonria and involves passing of high energy electron (NADH and FADH2) from carrier to carrier

Question 19

1st step of the ETC

Answer 19

as energy is passed from carrier energy is release in a controlled amount to the intermembrane space
this energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 20

2nd part of the ETC

Answer 20

• buildup of ions creates a concentration gradeint (high in intermembrane and low concentration in matrix)
• can only diffuse back by channel created by ATP synthase

Question 21

3rd step to ETC

Answer 21

oxygen is the final electron acceptor, oxygen accepts electron and hydrogen ions creating water

Question 22

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 22

-couples movement of hyrodgen ions down the concentration gradeint to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate (reduction of adp)
- H+ ions are not allowed to diffuse back to matrix since membrane is semipermeable

Question 23

where is ATP synthase found and what does it do

Answer 23

inner membrane
- only place permebale to H+ ions
- as hydrogen flows energy is released by ATP synthase, used to make ATP

Question 24

what is fermentation and where does it occur

Answer 24

cyoplasm of the cell
- pyruvate is further reduced via oxidation of NADH and NAD+

Question 25

ethanol fermentation

Answer 25

CO2 is removed from pyruvate creating 2 carbon acetadgehype
- NADPH passes electron and hydrogen to this which creates ethanol
supplies small amounts of energy and regenerates NAD+ returning to glycolysis

Question 26

lactate fermentation

Answer 26

occurs during strenous exercise
- NADH generated during glycolysis transfers it to H+ to pyruvate
- changes pyruvate to locatic acid