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Biology 20 > muscles quiz > Flashcards

muscles quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

muscle functions

A

movement
movement of food along digestive tract
supports body
ruglating blood pressure
guarding exit and entrances of body
maintain body temp

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2
Q

human muscle cells

A

highly specialized to convert atp to kinetic energy

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3
Q

cadiac muscle cell

A

in the heart, continually working
stirated tubular and branched
each has a single nuclear
many mitochondria
contract involentary
found in heart walls

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4
Q

smooth muscles cell

A

non stirated
contract involuntary
sustains prolonged contraction with no fatigue
found in walls of internal organs such as arteries

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5
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

stirated and tubular
contract voluntarily
usally attached to bones of skeleton through tendons
long, cylindrical and multi nucleated
each independent cell is stimulated by a branch from neutron

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6
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

1, support - oppresses forces of gravity
2. movement
3. maintain body temp- atp breakdown releases heat
4. protection- pads bones and cushions organs
5. stabilizes joints tendons help hold bones to joints

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7
Q

what is contraction of muucsles

A

shortening of the muscles, work

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8
Q

relaxation of muscles

A

lengthening of muscles no work

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9
Q

why are muscles found in pairs

A

one action always has a opposing action
bicep contracts- tricep relaxes

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10
Q

what is a muscle

A

organ surrounded by connective tissue
largest unit: attached to bone by tendons

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11
Q

muscle fibers

A

organized into larger bundles up to 20cm long
connective tissue wraps fibers

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12
Q

myofibris

A

thousands of cylindrical subunits

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13
Q

what does prefix myo mean

A

muscles

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14
Q

what is the sacrolemma

A

membrane of muscle fibres
regulates entry and exit of materials

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15
Q

what is the hiearchy of muscle structure

A

muscle–> muscle fibre bundle—> muscle fibre-> myofibrilis—> myofilaments

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16
Q

what is the sacromere

A

functional unit of a muscle
composed of myofilaments
contractile unit

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17
Q

myofilaments

A

protein structure responisble for muscle contractions

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments

A

Actin- thin filament
Myosin- thick filament

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19
Q

4 parts to muscle cell

A

myoglobin, sacrolemma, sarcoplasma , sacroplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

what does prefix sacro mean

A

in the flesh (in the cell)

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21
Q

what is myoglobin

A

oxygen binding protein
stores oxygen for muscle contractions

22
Q

sacrolemma

A

membrane of muscle fibres
regulates entry and exit of materials

23
Q

sacroplasma

A

cytoplasma of muscle fibres
site of metabollic processes
contains myoglobin and glycogen

24
Q

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

smooth er in muscle fibres, stores calcium ions

25
Q

what are actin composed of

A
  • globular actin proteins
  • ion receptor proteins called troponin and tropomyosin
26
Q

what are myosin composed of

A

2 polypeptide chains wrapped around each other
each have globular heads

27
Q

how do muscles contract

A

sliding filament model
sliding of actin past myosin during muscle contractions

28
Q

major steps during sliding filament modle

A
  • calcium ions allow myosin heads to attach to actin
  • mysoin head flexes pulling on actin filament
  • myosin head relxes and unflexes via ATP
  • myosin reattches to actin further down the fibre
  • sacromere shortens causing muscle fibres to contract
29
Q

how doe muscles relax (calcium ions)

A

tropomyosin blcoks myosin binding sites along actin molecules

30
Q

how do muscles contract (calcium ions)

A

ions bind to troponion on action, causes tropomyosin to repostion and expose myosin binding sites

31
Q

sliding filament theory

A
  1. signal to muscle from nerve to contract
  2. sacroplasmic recitcult releases calcium ions
    3, calcium ions bind to troponin
  3. when bound to calcium ions, troponin helps lift tropomyosin off of actin binding site
  4. myosin heads attach and slide actin filaments closer together
  5. ATP disloges myosin heads and they reset to attach again at new spot on actin
  6. calcium is retuned to SR through active transport
32
Q

3 methods to aquire atp for muscles

A
  • creatine phosphate, no oxygen anerobic, only enough for 8 seconds of muscle activity
  • fermentation: no oxygen anerobic, glucose broken down into latic acid released as by products, last 2-3 min
  • aerobic cell resp: oxygen required, glucose completely oxided, forms many ATP molecules, long term energy
33
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen carrying molecule like hemoglobin only found in muscle cells, temporially stores oxygen

34
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

athletes muscles demand more atp then can b provided
- generates atp anerobically (fermentation)
- atp is replensied areobically after exercise

35
Q

what happens when atheltes train muscles

A

increase in mitochondria, increase in aerobic resperation, descrease amount of oxygen debt nessacry

36
Q

isotonic contraction

A

tension (load) on muscle stays constant but length changes during movement

37
Q

isometric contraction

A

no change in length of muscle even as tension increases
length stays constant during contraction

38
Q

origin of muscle

A

attachment that remains fixed

39
Q

insertion of muscle

A

muscle attachment that moves

40
Q

action of muscle

A

what joint movement muscle produces

41
Q

latent period of eletricl impulse

A

time between stimulation and initation of contraction

42
Q

contraction period ofelectrical impulse

A

muscle twitch

43
Q

relaxation period of electrical impulse

A

muscle returns to normal length

44
Q

what is summation

A

rapid, repetive stimuli add up and can cause larger contractions without relaxation

45
Q

what is tetanus

A

maximal sustained contraction (contuies until fatigue)

46
Q

what is fatigue

A

no contraction despite stimulation

47
Q

slow twitch fibres type 1

A

takes longer ti contract (100ms)
cointains more myoglobin, gives red colors to muscle, more blood, more mitochondria
atp produced aerobically (oxygen)
- do not fatigue as fast, high resistance to fatigue
do not increase in size with training

48
Q

fast twich fibres type 11X

A

fast contractions (7ms)
- anaerobic atp (no oxygen)
- glocygen rich white color
- fatigue quick
- low resistance to fatigue
- increase in thickness

49
Q

atrophy

A

reduction in size of muscle caused by inactivity, muscle size decrease can become permanent

50
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle mass due to high intensity exercise or steriods

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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