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Systems 1a Revision Decks > Resp. Embryology > Flashcards

Resp. Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation

A

Pronuclei of gametes form on diploid cell called a zygote

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2
Q

What does the zygote develop into?

A

A solid ball of cells (morula) and then into a blastocyst

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3
Q

Which parent passes on mitochondrial diseases?

A

Mother

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4
Q

What does Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy cause?

A

Blindness

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5
Q

Why does the morula develop into a blastocyst?

A

Too large for distribution of nutrients via diffusion

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6
Q

Where is pre-embryonic material at the stage of being a zygote, morula and blastocysts respectively?

A

Zygote - Fallopian tube

Morula and blastocyst - Uterine cavity

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7
Q

What structures are required to transport the morula through the Fallopian tube? How can malfunction of these structures cause pathology?

A

Healthy ciliated epithelia

Malfunction can cause ectopic pregnancy

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8
Q

What layer of the uterus is deep to the endometrium?

A

Myometrium

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9
Q

What happens to the zygote after its formed?

A

Divides to form the zygote, moves through uterine tube to uterine cavity

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst

A
  • Cells accumulated at one end - called an inner mass

- The outer lining of cells is called the trophoblast

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11
Q

What cells does gametes arise from?

A

Spermatogonium and oogonium

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12
Q

What layer of the uterus does the blastocyst implant into?

A

Endometrium

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13
Q

How does the formation of the chorion arise?

A

The trophoblast of the blastocysts divides several times to form the chorion

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14
Q

What are the different kind of twins that occur? What are the developmental differences?

A

Fraternal (dizygotic) and identical (monozygotic)

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15
Q

What structure plats a key role in implantation?

A

Chorion - the outermost surrounding membrane of the blastocyst

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the three germ layers

A

Epiblastic cells migrate into space between hypoblast and epiblast - forms trilaminar disc

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17
Q

From what germ layer does the notochord arise?

A

Ectoderm

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18
Q

How long does it take for the placenta to mature?

A

18-20 weeks

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19
Q

What four things occur during the third week of pregnancy?

A

Gastrulation, neurulation, development of somites and early development of the CV system

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20
Q

How does the lateral plate mesoderm further divide?

A

Into the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

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21
Q

What is the space between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm called?

A

Intra-embryonic coelom

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22
Q

What induces the ectoderm to form a neural tube?

A

Notochord - neural plate aides from ectoderm and sinks down to form neural tube

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23
Q

What feature of the epiblast determines the axis of the embryo?

A

The primitive streak (invagination of the epiblast layer of cells)

24
Q

What is teratology?

A

The study of when things go wrong during development

25
Q

What is the cause of 60% of all developmental abnormalities?

A

Unknown causes

26
Q

What do each parts of the mesoderm develop into?

A

Paraxial mesoderm - somites
Intermediate - urogenital system
Lateral plate - body coverings and cavities

27
Q

Approx. at what day of pregnancy does implantation occur?

A

7

28
Q

What genetic factors can cause developmental issues?

A

Too many/few chromosomes

Structural changes

29
Q

What does the real tube induce?

A

Thickening and segmentation of the mesoderm

30
Q

What infectious agents can transfer through the placenta?

A

ToRCH

Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes

31
Q

After the process of gastrulation, what happens?

A

Folding of embryo (lateral)

32
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst splits into two layers called what? What is their function?

A

Bilaminar disc - epiblast and hypoblast

Separate amniotic and yolk sac

33
Q

Describe the genetics of gametes?

A

Genetically distinct

34
Q

What are the three functions of the placenta?

A
  • Foetal nutrition
  • Transport of waste and gas
  • Immune etc
35
Q

What does the chorion do?

A
  • Implantation
  • Forms part of the placenta
  • Secretes HCG
36
Q

How does the paraxial mesoderm differentiate?

A

Into dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes

37
Q

How is the diagnosis of malformations aided?

A

Prenantal and postnatal test

  • Blood AFP
  • Ultrasound (12 week anomaly)
  • Invasive tests (chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis)
  • Hip stability
  • Testes
  • Fingers and toes
  • Hearing
38
Q

What environmental factors can effect development?

A

Drugs
Alcohol/tobacco
Infectious agents
Others including radiation etc.

39
Q

What is the purpose of HCG?

A

Maintains endometrium

40
Q

What are the key features of the second week of pregnancy?

A
  • Implantation or morula and endometrial wall
  • Cells from embryo form bilaminar disc
  • Sacs, membranes nd cord to nourish human conceptus form
41
Q

What three parts does the mesoderm split into?

A

Paraxial, intermediate and lateral plates

42
Q

What are the three periods of human development in the womb?

A
  • Pre-embryonic (weeks 0-30
  • Embryonic (weeks 4-8)
  • Foetal (weeks 9-40)
43
Q

How is the parietal pleura formed?

A

From somatic mesoderm

44
Q

What are the five stages of lung differentiation?

A
  • Embryonic
  • Pseudoglandular
  • Canalicular
  • Saccular
  • Alveolar
45
Q

What forms from the septum transverse?

A

Tendinous part of the diaphragm

46
Q

What is formed from the two pleuroperitoneal membranes and peripheral body wall muscle?

A

Muscular part of the diaphragm

47
Q

What process occurs in the third week of development and gives rise to primitive gut tube?

A

Folding of embryo; gut tube formed from endoderm

48
Q

What is tracheosophageal fistula and atresia?

A

Fistula - abnormal or surgical made passage

Atresia - a condition in which an orifice is pathologically closed or absent

49
Q

Where is the septum transverse initially located in the embryo?

A

Opposite somites C3-5 and then migrates caudally

50
Q

When the septum transverse migrates caudally what structures does it bring with it?

A

Spinal nerves C3, 4 and 5

51
Q

Where does a Bochdalek hernia occur?

A

Poseriolaterally on the diaphragm

52
Q

Where does a Morgagni hernia occur?

A

Anteriorly on the abdominal diaphragm

53
Q

What types of hiatal hernia are there?

A

Rolling (paraesophageal) and sliding

54
Q

What forms from the mesentery of the oesophagus?

A

The crura of the diaphragm

55
Q

The lung buds penetrate into which mesoderm? What does the mesoderm then turn into?

A

Visceral splanchnic mesoderm; visceral pleura

56
Q

At what week does the diverticulum (laryngotracheal groove) appear?

A

4th

Systems 1a Revision Decks (22 decks)

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