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Systems 1a Revision Decks > CVS Embryology > Flashcards

CVS Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the development of the primordial heart tube

A

3rd-4th week

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm forms CV system

Angioblastic chords canalise and coalesce into heart tubes

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2
Q

What type of cells collect into islands and where do they move?

A

Angioblastic cells form islands and move towards the midline

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3
Q

Why does the primordial heart form so early?

A

Embryo needs transportation of nutrients as it gets bigger

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4
Q

What is the growth rate of the bulbus cordis and ventricle?

A

Quicker than the other structures - forms U-shaped tube called the bunboventricular loop

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5
Q

When does atrial and ventricular separation occur?

A

27th to 37th day

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6
Q

Separation includes two actively growing masses - what are they?

A

The septum and endocardial cushion

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7
Q

What does the endocardial cushion separate?

A

Left and right atrioventricular openings

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8
Q

Describe the process of atrial separation

A

Septum primum forms across foramen primum - then septum secundum develops across foramen secundum

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9
Q

Where does the septum secundum form with respect to the septum primum?

A

On its right

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10
Q

Describe ventricular septation?

A

Muscular septum forms
Leaves IV foramen
Membranous septum closes the IV foramen

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11
Q

What is the pathophysiological behind SIDS?

A

Abnormalities of conducting tissue of the heart

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12
Q

What three main pathologies arise from incorrect development of the heart?

A

Dextrocardia

Transposition of the great vessels - causes cyanotic disease associated with ASD and VSD

Teratology of Fallot

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13
Q

What is the teratology of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Dextroposition of aorta
RVH

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14
Q

How is the primordial heart orientated dorsal to the pericardial cavity?

A

Cranial folding of embryo

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15
Q

Describe the formation of the pericardium

A

Derived from into-embryonic coelom

Parietal and fibrous - somatic mesoderm

Visceral formed from splanchnic mesoderm

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16
Q

What are the potential causes of the teratology of Fallot?

A

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take spiral course

Defective migration of neural crest cells

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17
Q

Describe the regions of the primordial heart tubes

A 
Truncus arteriosus 
Bulbus cordis 
Ventricle 
Atrium
Sinus venosus
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18
Q

Outline the partition of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

A

Proliferation of mesenchymal cells during 5th week septates the tube - blood flow causes helication and ultimately divides into pulmonary trunk and aort

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19
Q

What are the two processes of vascular development?

A

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

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20
Q

What is vasculogenesus?

A

Defined as new formation of a primitive vascular network

21
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Defined as new growth of vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

22
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

The left and right primitive aortae

23
Q

The primitive aortae are split into what two parts?

A

Ventral and dorsal

24
Q

The left and right primitive aortae fuse to form what?

A

The aortic sac

25
Q

What form from the aortic sac?

A

Aortic branches

26
Q

What occurs at the same time as the new formation of aortic branches?

A

Pharyngeal arches

Each with its own nerve and artery these complexes are now called aortic arches

27
Q

How many aortic arches initially form?

A

6

28
Q

Where do all aortic arches terminate?

A

The dorsal aorta

29
Q

What is the fate of the first and second aortic arches?

A

The maxillary arteries

30
Q

What is the fate of the third aortic arch?

A

Common carotid and first part of the internal carotid arteries

31
Q

What is the fate of the fourth left aortic arch?

A

Distal aortic arch

32
Q

What is derived from the right fourth aortic arch?

A

Proximal portion of the right subclavian vein

33
Q

What is derived from the sixth aortic arch?

A

Left - left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

Right - right pulmonary artery

34
Q

What is the fate of the fifth aortic arch?

A

Totally regresses

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of most heart defects?

A

Regression of a tube the should stay or non-regression of a tube which shouldn’t stay

36
Q

What four major pathologies are associated with abnormal cardioembryology

A
  1. Aberrant subclavian vein
  2. Double aortic arch
  3. Patent ductus arteriosus
  4. Coarctation of the aorta
37
Q

What are the three fates of the vitelline arteries?

A
  1. Celiac artery - foregut
  2. Superior mesenteric artery - midgut
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut
38
Q

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries?

A

Proximal portion - persists to form internal iliac and superior vesical branches (to urinary bladder)

Distal portion degenerates and is obliterated to form medial umbilical ligaments

39
Q

What is the function of the vitelline veins?

A

Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

40
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins?

A

Originate in chronic villi of placenta - carrying oxygenated blood to the embryos

41
Q

What is the function of the cardinal veins?

A

Draining the body of the embryo

42
Q

What are the fates of the vitelline veins?

A
  • Portal veins
  • Hepatocardiac inferior vena cava
  • Liver sinusoids
  • Superior mesenteric veins
43
Q

What are the fates of the umbilical veins?

A
  1. Right and left umbilical veins

2. Ligamentum vensosus

44
Q

What is the fate of the cardinal veins?

A

Forms vena caval (SVC and IVC) by anastomoses

45
Q

What are some pathologies associated with venous abnormalities?

A

Double IVC, absence of IVC, left SVC and double SVC

46
Q

Describe the development of the lymphatic system

A

Develops at the end of the sixth week, forms six major lymph sacs which later are joined by vessels

47
Q

What three structures are important to consider during the foetuses transition from placental circulation to pulmonary circulation?

A

Ducti (vensosus and arteriosus) - allows blood to bypass the liver and lungs through the oval foramen

48
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

Vessel which transmits blood from the umbilical vein direct to the IVC, allowing them to bypass the liver

49
Q

What physiological changes are associated with birth?

A

Foramen vale closes to form fossa ovalis

Ducti contract and become ligaments

Systems 1a Revision Decks (22 decks)

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