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Systems 1a Revision Decks > CVS Anatomy > Flashcards

CVS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A

L4

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2
Q

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

A

L5

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3
Q

What is the typical diameter of the aortic root? And how can this vary during dilation?

A

3.5cm to 4.5cm

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4
Q

Name the most proximal to the most distal structures arising from the aortic root

A
  1. Brachiocephalic arteries
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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5
Q

Arteries are to branches as veins are to _______

A

Tributaries

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6
Q

What are the great arteries of the heart?

A

Aorta and Pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

What are the great veins of the heart?

A

The vena caval

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8
Q

Describe the azygous system?

A

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC

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9
Q

What components make up both the tunica intima and the endocardium?

A

Basement membrane, connective tissue and epithelium

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10
Q

Which side of the chest drains its lymph to the thoracic duct?

A

Left

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11
Q

What two vessels make up the azygous system?

A

Azygous vein - on right side of posterior mediastinum

Hemiazygous vein - on right side, crosses over midline of body and drains into azygous vein at approx. T8/T9

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12
Q

Lymphatics from the right upper quadrant of the body drain into where?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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13
Q

What are the three histological layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium (pericardium)

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14
Q

What anterior chest wall veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?

A

Superior epigastric vein

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15
Q

The superior epigastric vein is located where?

A

The anterior chest wall

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16
Q

The superior epigastric vein drains into what vein?

A

Internal thoracic vein

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17
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

In the junction between the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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18
Q

What and where is the cisterns chyli?

A

The origin of the thoracic duct at L4

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19
Q

The subclavian artery becomes what artery at the lateral boarder of the first rib?

A

Axillary artery

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20
Q

What anterior chest wall arteries arise from the internal thoracic artery?

A

Musculophrenic and epigastric arteries

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21
Q

The musculophrenic artery and which other artery arise from the internal thoracic artery?

A

Superior epigastric arteries

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22
Q

What artery gives rise to the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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23
Q

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it branch into?

A

Inferior to the cubital fossa - branching into the radial and ulnar arteries

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24
Q

What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein?

A

Good for cannulation

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25
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Veins following deep arteries in the limbs

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26
Q

What is the larger vessel of the internal and external iliac arteries?

A

External

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27
Q

What does the external iliac artery branch into?

A

Deep and superficial femoral arteries

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28
Q

Which artery gives rise to the popliteal artery?

A

Superficial femoral artery

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29
Q

What two arteries bifurcate from the popliteal artery?

A

Anterior and posterior tibial

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30
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great and small saphenous

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31
Q

Between what two layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

The visceral and parietal layer

32
Q

Which layer of the pericardium belongs simultaneously to both the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral

33
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

The parietal

34
Q

What are the tributaries of the IVC?

A

Right and left common iliac veins

35
Q

What is the protective role of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents the heart from overfilling

36
Q

What is the main nerve responsible for the innervation of the parietal and fibrous layers of the heart?

A

Phrenic nerve

37
Q

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain nerve fibres?

A

Parietal and fibrous layers

38
Q

What artery gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?

A

The subclavian arteries

39
Q

What are the three histological tissue layers of blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica Intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
40
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Excessive fluid in the pericardial cavity

41
Q

What can occur as a result of cardiac tamponade?

A

Impedes optimum fluid dynamics and can ultimately lead to cardiac failure

42
Q

What chamber of the heart constitutes the base?

A

The left atrium

43
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

A

The junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

44
Q

What chamber of the heart constitutes its apex?

A

The left ventricle

45
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

Visible depression in the inter-atrial septum

46
Q

What did the fossa ovalis arise from?

A

The foramen ovale

47
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

To allow the transmission of blood from one side of the heart directly to the other - along with the ductus arteriosus it allowed bypass of the lungs during placental oxygenation of blood during gestation

48
Q

What is atrial septal defect (ASD)?

A

Improper closure of the inter-atrial septum - allows pulmonary venous return to pass from left atrium to the right directly

49
Q

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

A

Allows innervation of papillary muscles to aid opening of atrioventricular valves

50
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendonae?

A

Prevents regurgitation of blood

51
Q

Visceral pericardium receives what kind of innervation?

A

Autonomic innervation from T1-T4 nerves via the cardiac plexus

52
Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the surface of the heart?

A

In the atrioventricular (coronary) and interventricular (anterior and posterior) sulci

53
Q

From what part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

A

The root

54
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the lower margin of the teres major muscle

55
Q

What vein anastomoses with the basilic and cephalic veins?

A

The median cubital vein

56
Q

The right coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

A

Right side of the heart including the nodes and bundle of His

57
Q

The left coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

A

Both ventricles (plus septum)

Left atrium and SA node

58
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Near the opening of the SVC?

59
Q

What are the deep veins of the lower limb?

A

External iliac, femoral, popliteal, posterior and anterior tibial and fibular vein

60
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

61
Q

Where is the bundle of His located?

A

Within each side of interventricular wall

62
Q

What types of artery are both the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Elastic and conducting

63
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Muscular and distributing

64
Q

What tissue predominates the tunica media of arteries?

A

Smooth muscular tissue

65
Q

What is the septomarginal trabeculum also known as?

A

The moderator band

66
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

Located between the vertebral bodies between the azygous vein and the descending aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

67
Q

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

The marginal artery and right coronary artery

68
Q

What are the tributaries of the SVC?

A

The azygous and brachiocephalic veins

69
Q

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

The circumflex and left coronary arteries

70
Q

What named ganglia feed into the cardiac plexus?

A

The middle cervical and stellate ganglia

71
Q

What two types of tissue are present in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

72
Q

What three types of arteries are there?

A

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

73
Q

At what surface anatomy point does the mediastinum divide into its superior and inferior regions?

A

T4

74
Q

At what anatomical point does the apex of the heart occur?

A

Fifth left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

75
Q

Where does the descending aorta lie?

A

Along the left of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies

76
Q

At what vertebral level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

A

T4

Systems 1a Revision Decks (22 decks)

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