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Systems 1a Revision Decks > CVS Diverse > Flashcards

CVS Diverse Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What organisms typically causes infective endocarditis?

A

staph. aureus

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2
Q

What risk factors are there for IE?

A 
Injection drug use
Indwelling medical devices
Diabetes
AIDS
Chronic skin infections/burns
Genitourinary infections 
Solid organ transplant 
Homelessness
Pneumonia
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3
Q

What are the specific signs of IE?

A
  • Splinter haemorrhages - Janeway lesions
  • Vasculitic rash
  • Roth spots
  • Oslers nodes
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4
Q

What are non-specific signs of IE?

A

Fever, malaise and fatigue

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5
Q

What constituents a high index of suspicion of IE?

A
  • New murmur
  • Pyrexia
  • Known IE organism
  • Prosthetic material
  • Previous IE
  • CHD
  • Conduction disorder
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6
Q

What investigations are useful for IE?

A
  • Inflammatory biomarkers
  • Us and Es
  • Bloods
  • Urinalysis
  • ECG
  • CXR
  • Echo
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7
Q

What are examples of inflammatory biomarkers?

A
  • FBC
  • CRP
  • ESR
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8
Q

What is ESR?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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9
Q

What can Us and Es be an indication of?

A
  • Nephritis
  • Infection
  • Sepsis
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10
Q

What can staggered blood cultures tell you?

A

The effectiveness of antibiotic treatment

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11
Q

What does conduction delay in an ECG indicate?

A

Vegetation

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12
Q

What steps are required with echoes?

A

Do trans-thoracic, only if high suspicion do a trans-oesophageal

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13
Q

How is IE of native valves treated?

A

IV amoxycillin and gentamicin

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14
Q

How is IE of native valves with sepsis treated?

A

IV amoxycillin and vancomycin

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15
Q

How is IE of prosthetic valves treated?

A

Gentamicin, vancomycin and rifampicin

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16
Q

What types of cardiomyopathy are there?

A
  • Restrictive
  • Hypertrophic
  • Dilated
  • Myocarditis (Inflammation cardiomyopathy)
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Stiffer and less compliant myocardium but no hypertrophy

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Stiffer, bulky and hypercontractile heart muscle

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19
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Where the heart chambers get larger

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20
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle

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21
Q

What are the genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Study These Flashcards
A

Autosomal dominant mis-sense mutation of gene which codes for protein in the sarcomere

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

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A

Diastolic heart failure and low amplitude/smaller QRS-complex

23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of dilated cardiomyopathy?

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A

Systolic heart failure, AV regurgitation, potential S3 heart sound

24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Study These Flashcards
A

LVH accompanied by diastolic heart failure

25
What is the venturi effect?
Hypertrophy of the IV-septum causes higher flow rate of blood through the aortic valve which pulls the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve with the blood
26
What is the treatment plan for restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Treat underlying cause and heart transplant
27
What is the treatment plan for Dilated cardiomyopathy?
Left ventricular assistive device and heart transplant
28
What is the treatment plan for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Beta-blockers and CCBs (rate limiting)
29
What are the two single gene disorders resulting in CVS disorders?
Noonan's Syndrome and Noonan-like syndrome
30
What are the presentations of Noonas's syndrome?
Excess nuchal folds, Pulmonary stenosis, Short stature, neck webbing, Cryptorchidism, Characteristic face, PTPNN11 gene (cr12)
31
What is cryptorchidism?
Absence of one or more testicles
32
What are the examples of Noonan-like syndromes?
Cardio-Facio syndrome Leopard syndrome Costello syndrome
33
What are the distinguishing features of cardio-facio syndrome?
Ectodermal problems and developmental delay
34
What are the distinguishing features of leopard syndrome?
Multiple lentigenes and deafness
35
What are the distinguishing features of Costello syndrome?
Thickened skin folds Susceptible to warts Cardiomyopathy Later risk of cancer
36
What two chromosomal disorders are related to the CVS?
Turner and Downs syndrome
37
What is the profile of Turner syndrome?
30% mosaic Coarctation of the aorta, short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, puffy hands
38
What is the profile of Downs syndrome?
15% AV septal defects cystic hygroma/lymphaginoma
39
What are the two micro deletion syndromes prevalent in the CVS?
22q11 deletion syndrome Williams syndrome
40
What are the CATCH characteristics of 22q11 deletion syndrome?
``` C - cardiac malformations A - abnormal face T - thymic hypoplasia C - cleft palate H - hypoparathyroidism ```
41
What two other syndromes does 22q11 micro deletion syndrome encompass?
DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial (Sphritzen) syndrome
42
What other health issues are associated with 22q11 deletion syndrome?
Psychiatric issues
43
What are the signs and symptoms of DVT?
- Unilateral limb swelling - Persisting discomfort - Calf tenderness - Warmth - Erythema - Can be clinically silent
44
What are the signs and symptoms of PE?
``` Pleuritic pain Breathlessness Haemoptysis Tachycardia Pleural rub ```
45
What are the intensified symptoms of massive PE?
``` Severe breathless Collapse Tachycardia Hypotension Raised JVP Altered heart sounds May cause sudden death ```
46
What are some clinical assessment criteria for the diagnosis of DVT?
``` Active cancer Paralysis Bed >3 days Leg/calf swelling Pitting oedema ```
47
What other investigations may be ordered to confirm a diagnosis of DVT?
D-dimer test and compression ultrasound
48
What imaging may be useful in the diagnosis of PE?
Isotope V/Q scan | CT pulmonary angiogram
49
How is VTE prevented in hospital?
- Early mobilisation - Anti-embolism stockings - Daily injections of low molecular weight heparin
50
What are the treatment options for VTE?
LMW heparin for >5 days | Vena caval filter and thrombolysis in massive PE
51
What are varicose veins?
Tortuous and dilated uperficial vein disease
52
Where does varicose veins usually occur?
In the great saphenous vein mostly

Systems 1a Revision Decks (22 decks)

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