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Systems 1a Revision Decks > Resp. Anatomy > Flashcards

Resp. Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The left side of the chest drains its lymph into where?

A

The thoracic duct

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2
Q

The right side of the chest drains its lymph into where?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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3
Q

What is the anatomical definition of the thoracic outlet?

A

The inferior aperture of the ribcage

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4
Q

What parts of the body boarder the thoracic outlet by the anatomical definition?

A

The 11th and 12th pair of ribs, T12, the costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process

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5
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

The abdominal diaphragm

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6
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5

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7
Q

What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?

A

Innervates the diaphragm

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8
Q

What are the sensory functions of the phrenic nerve?

A

Supplies the central part of the diaphragm

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9
Q

What nerves innervate the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?

A

Intercostal nerves T7-T12

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10
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon

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11
Q

What are the three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A
  • The xiphoid process
  • Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
  • Lumbar spine via acrurate ligaments
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12
Q

Parts the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra are known as what?

A

Crura (left and right crus)

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13
Q

Where does the right crus arise?

A

L1-L3

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14
Q

Where does the left crus arise from?

A

L1-L2

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15
Q

What feature of the right crus helps to prevent gastric reflux?

A

Fibres wrap around the oesophageal opening

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16
Q

What are the hiatuses of the diaphragm?

A

Openings to allow vessels down into the peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

Where does the canal hiatus occur? What does it transmit

A

T8 - allows the transmission of the inferior vena cava and phrenic nerve through the central tendon

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18
Q

Where does the oesophageal hiatus occur?

A

T10 - allows the passage of the oesophagus and the both vagus nerves through the sling of the right crus

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19
Q

Where does the aortic hiatus occur?

A

T12 - allows transmission of descending aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein between the left and right crura

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20
Q

What kind of shape is the first rib?

A

Flat and broad

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21
Q

Describe the features of the head of the first rib

A

Articulates with the first thoracic vertebra only

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22
Q

Describe the features of the upper surface of the body of the first rib

A

Two grooves separates by a scalene tubercle

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23
Q

What is the function of the scalene tubercle?

A

To allow attachment of the anterior scalene muscle

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24
Q

What is the structure associated with the anterior groove of the first rib?

A

The subclavian vein

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25
Q

What structures are associated with the posterior groove of the first rib?

A

The subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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26
Q

How are the upper and lower respiratory tracts divided into different regions?

A

T4

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27
Q

What region of the neck is the larynx found and how far does it extend?

A

C3-C6 from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior boarder of the cricoid cartilage

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28
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve

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29
Q

What five structures comprise the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

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30
Q

What structure of the larynx forms the laryngeal prominence?

A

The thyroid cartilage

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31
Q

At what location does the hyoid bone occur?

A

C2-C3

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32
Q

At what location does the thyroid membrane occur?

A

C4

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33
Q

At what location does the laryngeal prominence occur?

A

C5

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34
Q

At what location does the cricoid cartilage occur and the trachea begin?

A

C6

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35
Q

Describe the lobed structure of the right lung?

A

Superior lobe, horizontal tissue, middle lobe, oblique fissure and inferior lobe

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36
Q

Describe the lobed structure of the left lung?

A

Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch, lingula

37
Q

What is the lingula?

A

The homologue structure of the middle lobe on the left lung

38
Q

What is the lung hilum?

A

The region of the lung located on the mediastinal surface

39
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

The structures that enter/leave the lung on the hilum

40
Q

What are the pleura of the lungs?

A

Membranes that surround the lungs

41
Q

What pleura adhere to the inferior boarder of the ribcage?

A

The parietal

42
Q

What pleura adheres to the lungs themselves?

A

Visceral

43
Q

What fills the pleural cavity?

A

Pleural fluid

44
Q

What is the region of spaces between the left and right lung called?

A

The mediastinum

45
Q

The root of the right lung has an additional structure; what is this/

A

The eparietal bronchus (right primary bronchus is called hyparietal bronchus)

46
Q

What is the region of the lung pleura close to the apex of the lungs referred to as?

A

Cupular

47
Q

What is the region of the lung pleura close to mediastinum referred to as?

A

Mediastinal pleura

48
Q

What is the region of the lung pleura close to the ribs referred to as?

A

The costal pleura

49
Q

What is the region of the lung pleura close to the diaphragm referred to as?

A

The diaphragmatic pleura

50
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura

A

Somatic nerves (IC and phrenic)

51
Q

Describe the nerve supple of the visceral pleura

A

Autonomic nerves (T2-T5)

52
Q

The nerves of the pleura are sensitive to what stimulus?

A

Pain

53
Q

What is a pleural reflection

A

A place where the direction of the pleura changes

54
Q

What is a pleural recess?

A

An increased space between the layers of the pleura occurring at the pleural reflections

55
Q

What two reflections and recesses surround the lungs?

A

Costophrenic/Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal

56
Q

Where does the costomediastinal reflection and recess occur

A

Cardiac notch of the left lung

57
Q

Where does the costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic) reflection and recess occur?

A

Below the lungs

58
Q

Which bones articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?

A

The ribs

59
Q

What is the name given to the joints of the bones which articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?

A

Costochondral joints

60
Q

What is the name given to the notch formed by the superior boarder of the manubrium?

A

The jugular notch

61
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphisternal process located?

A

T9

62
Q

The bodies of which thoracic vertebrae will the head of rib seven articulate?

A

T7 and T8

63
Q

Which structures lie in the costal groove?

A

Intercostal artery, vein and nerve

64
Q

What is the scientific name for true ribs?

A

Vertebrosternal

65
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

1-7

66
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

8-10

67
Q

What is the proper name for false ribs?

A

Vertebrochondral ribs

68
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

No anterior attachment to sternum - ribs 11 and 12

69
Q

Which bones boarder the thoracic inlet?

A

First rib, T1 and the manubrium

70
Q

Which ribs form the costal margin (subcostal angle)?

A

Casual cartilages of ribs 7-10

71
Q

External intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?

A

Anteromedially

72
Q

Internal intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?

A

Anteriolaterally

73
Q

innermost Internal intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?

A

Vertically

74
Q

How far do the external intercostal muscles extend?

A

Costalchondral function anteriorly

75
Q

What is the remaining segment of rib covered by externally up to the sternum?

A

External intercostal membrane

76
Q

How far do the internal intercostal muscles extend?

A

Costal angles posteriorly

77
Q

The rest of the internal IC muscle lamina is made up of what structure? To where does it extend?

A

Internal intercostal membrane extending to the thoracic vertebrae

78
Q

How much space do the innermost intercostal muscles fill?

A

The central half of the ribcage

79
Q

What extended anteriorly and posteriorly respectively in absence of the innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Anterior - Transversus thoracis muscles

Posterior - subcostalis muscles

80
Q

Where are the collateral branches of the neuromuscular bundles found in relation to the rib?

A

Above it

81
Q

In cadaveric material, how do you distinguish between the phrenic and vagus nerve?

A

Phrenic is more lateral and remains relatively anterior

The vagus nerve is thicker

82
Q

Describe the distribution of vessels in the root of the lung

A

Posterior - bronchus
Anterior - superior pulmonary vein
Superior - pulmonary artery
Inferior - inferior pulmonary vein

83
Q

What structure lies above the pulmonary artery in the root of the right lung?

A

Eparietal bronchus (lesser bronchus)

84
Q

What is a ahem-pneumothorax?

A

Presence of both blood and air in the thoracic cavity

85
Q

What is it called when pus gets into the thoracic cavity?

A

Pyothorax

86
Q

What is the name given to the smooth muscle around the wall of the trachea?

A

Trachealis

87
Q

Describe the difference in the distribution of cartilage in the bronchi and trachea?

A

Trachea - rings

Bronchi - plates of cartilage

88
Q

Where does the neuromuscular bundle sit in the IC muscles?

A

In-between the internal and innermost IC muscle

89
Q

In the tunica media of arteries, how is the elastic lamina laid down?

A

In fenestrated sheets

Systems 1a Revision Decks (22 decks)

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