Resp. Anatomy Flashcards
The left side of the chest drains its lymph into where?
The thoracic duct
The right side of the chest drains its lymph into where?
The right lymphatic duct
What is the anatomical definition of the thoracic outlet?
The inferior aperture of the ribcage
What parts of the body boarder the thoracic outlet by the anatomical definition?
The 11th and 12th pair of ribs, T12, the costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal diaphragm
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
Anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5
What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?
Innervates the diaphragm
What are the sensory functions of the phrenic nerve?
Supplies the central part of the diaphragm
What nerves innervate the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?
Intercostal nerves T7-T12
What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?
The central tendon
What are the three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
- The xiphoid process
- Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
- Lumbar spine via acrurate ligaments
Parts the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra are known as what?
Crura (left and right crus)
Where does the right crus arise?
L1-L3
Where does the left crus arise from?
L1-L2
What feature of the right crus helps to prevent gastric reflux?
Fibres wrap around the oesophageal opening
What are the hiatuses of the diaphragm?
Openings to allow vessels down into the peritoneal cavity
Where does the canal hiatus occur? What does it transmit
T8 - allows the transmission of the inferior vena cava and phrenic nerve through the central tendon
Where does the oesophageal hiatus occur?
T10 - allows the passage of the oesophagus and the both vagus nerves through the sling of the right crus
Where does the aortic hiatus occur?
T12 - allows transmission of descending aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein between the left and right crura
What kind of shape is the first rib?
Flat and broad
Describe the features of the head of the first rib
Articulates with the first thoracic vertebra only
Describe the features of the upper surface of the body of the first rib
Two grooves separates by a scalene tubercle
What is the function of the scalene tubercle?
To allow attachment of the anterior scalene muscle
What is the structure associated with the anterior groove of the first rib?
The subclavian vein
What structures are associated with the posterior groove of the first rib?
The subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
How are the upper and lower respiratory tracts divided into different regions?
T4
What region of the neck is the larynx found and how far does it extend?
C3-C6 from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior boarder of the cricoid cartilage
What innervates the larynx?
Branches of the vagus nerve
What five structures comprise the larynx?
Epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
What structure of the larynx forms the laryngeal prominence?
The thyroid cartilage
At what location does the hyoid bone occur?
C2-C3
At what location does the thyroid membrane occur?
C4
At what location does the laryngeal prominence occur?
C5
At what location does the cricoid cartilage occur and the trachea begin?
C6
Describe the lobed structure of the right lung?
Superior lobe, horizontal tissue, middle lobe, oblique fissure and inferior lobe
Describe the lobed structure of the left lung?
Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch, lingula
What is the lingula?
The homologue structure of the middle lobe on the left lung
What is the lung hilum?
The region of the lung located on the mediastinal surface
What is the root of the lung?
The structures that enter/leave the lung on the hilum
What are the pleura of the lungs?
Membranes that surround the lungs
What pleura adhere to the inferior boarder of the ribcage?
The parietal
What pleura adheres to the lungs themselves?
Visceral
What fills the pleural cavity?
Pleural fluid
What is the region of spaces between the left and right lung called?
The mediastinum
The root of the right lung has an additional structure; what is this/
The eparietal bronchus (right primary bronchus is called hyparietal bronchus)
What is the region of the lung pleura close to the apex of the lungs referred to as?
Cupular
What is the region of the lung pleura close to mediastinum referred to as?
Mediastinal pleura
What is the region of the lung pleura close to the ribs referred to as?
The costal pleura
What is the region of the lung pleura close to the diaphragm referred to as?
The diaphragmatic pleura
Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura
Somatic nerves (IC and phrenic)
Describe the nerve supple of the visceral pleura
Autonomic nerves (T2-T5)
The nerves of the pleura are sensitive to what stimulus?
Pain
What is a pleural reflection
A place where the direction of the pleura changes
What is a pleural recess?
An increased space between the layers of the pleura occurring at the pleural reflections
What two reflections and recesses surround the lungs?
Costophrenic/Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
Where does the costomediastinal reflection and recess occur
Cardiac notch of the left lung
Where does the costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic) reflection and recess occur?
Below the lungs
Which bones articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?
The ribs
What is the name given to the joints of the bones which articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?
Costochondral joints
What is the name given to the notch formed by the superior boarder of the manubrium?
The jugular notch
At what vertebral level is the xiphisternal process located?
T9
The bodies of which thoracic vertebrae will the head of rib seven articulate?
T7 and T8
Which structures lie in the costal groove?
Intercostal artery, vein and nerve
What is the scientific name for true ribs?
Vertebrosternal
What are the true ribs?
1-7
What are the false ribs?
8-10
What is the proper name for false ribs?
Vertebrochondral ribs
What are the floating ribs?
No anterior attachment to sternum - ribs 11 and 12
Which bones boarder the thoracic inlet?
First rib, T1 and the manubrium
Which ribs form the costal margin (subcostal angle)?
Casual cartilages of ribs 7-10
External intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?
Anteromedially
Internal intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?
Anteriolaterally
innermost Internal intercostal layer of the intercostal muscles are orientated which way?
Vertically
How far do the external intercostal muscles extend?
Costalchondral function anteriorly
What is the remaining segment of rib covered by externally up to the sternum?
External intercostal membrane
How far do the internal intercostal muscles extend?
Costal angles posteriorly
The rest of the internal IC muscle lamina is made up of what structure? To where does it extend?
Internal intercostal membrane extending to the thoracic vertebrae
How much space do the innermost intercostal muscles fill?
The central half of the ribcage
What extended anteriorly and posteriorly respectively in absence of the innermost intercostal muscle?
Anterior - Transversus thoracis muscles
Posterior - subcostalis muscles
Where are the collateral branches of the neuromuscular bundles found in relation to the rib?
Above it
In cadaveric material, how do you distinguish between the phrenic and vagus nerve?
Phrenic is more lateral and remains relatively anterior
The vagus nerve is thicker
Describe the distribution of vessels in the root of the lung
Posterior - bronchus
Anterior - superior pulmonary vein
Superior - pulmonary artery
Inferior - inferior pulmonary vein
What structure lies above the pulmonary artery in the root of the right lung?
Eparietal bronchus (lesser bronchus)
What is a ahem-pneumothorax?
Presence of both blood and air in the thoracic cavity
What is it called when pus gets into the thoracic cavity?
Pyothorax
What is the name given to the smooth muscle around the wall of the trachea?
Trachealis
Describe the difference in the distribution of cartilage in the bronchi and trachea?
Trachea - rings
Bronchi - plates of cartilage
Where does the neuromuscular bundle sit in the IC muscles?
In-between the internal and innermost IC muscle
In the tunica media of arteries, how is the elastic lamina laid down?
In fenestrated sheets
