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Resp DR Flashcards

1
Q

How does the respiratory system develop?

A

As an outpouching of the (foregut) gut tube derived from endoderm from the pharynx

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Induce turbulent flow (nasal conchae maximising SA for warming and water retention)

Warm and moisten inspired air
Recover water from expired air
Speech production
Olfaction (sense of smell)

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3
Q

What is the plane of the nasal cavity floor?

A

Horizontal

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4
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

3 way valve that ensures the correct substances go down the correct pipe

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5
Q

What structure connects the nasal cavity with the oral cavity?

A

Pharynx

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6
Q

What is more anterior, the oesophagus or the trachea?

A

Trachea anterior (air)
Oesophagus (food)

Air comes first (air is more important than food)

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7
Q

What are the 3 sections to the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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8
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

What is their function?

A

Air filled spaces in head

Lightens the head

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9
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Speech/vocalisation
Ensures food doesn’t end up in airway since it has a flap called the epiglottis which covers the trachea

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11
Q

Look at page 38 in Resp Anatomy lecture

What structures could have been damaged here?

A

Apical bit of pleura
Apex of lung
Carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Brachial plexus
Thoracic duct

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12
Q

When stabbed in the lung what layers are penetrated?

A

Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Intercostal muscles
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Lung tissue (alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi)

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13
Q

What is the clinical term for air in the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax

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14
Q

What are the structures in the hilum of the lung from most superior to inferior?

A

Pulmonary artery (most superior)
Pulmonary vein is most inferior
Bronchi in between these

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15
Q

Where are the vocal cords/folds located?

A

Larynx

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16
Q

What muscles are responsible for moving the vocal cords?

What is their innervation?

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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17
Q

What issues can arise if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is compressed?

A

Trachea cant be closed properly so may inhale food

Cough reflex, if vocal cords cant close Intra-thoracic pressure, cant do this meaning you lose th protective mechanism of expelling inhaled particles

If vocal folds cant close may obstruct airways

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18
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Junction between manubrium and body

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19
Q

What direction does the external intercostal muscle fibres run?

A

Downwards and anteriorly like external oblique (imagine hands in pockets)

20
Q

What direction do the fibres of internal intercostal muscles run?

A

Downwards and posteriorly (like internal oblique)

21
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Help expand and elevate ribs during inhalation (diaphragm does most tho)

22
Q

What is the function of the internal and innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Forceful expiration pulls ribs down

23
Q

How are the branches of the pulmonary artery and vein arranged in the lung?

What other blood vessel is posterior to the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery most superior
Pulmonary vein inferior

Azygous vein

24
Q

What does the azygous vein drain?

A

Intercostal spaces

25
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

What are its nerve roots?

A

Phrenic nerve

C3, C4 and C5

26
Q

At what vertebral level does the Inferior Vena Cava enter through the diaphragm?

A

T8

27
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus enter through the diaphragm?

A

T10

28
Q

At what vertebral level does the Aorta enter through the diaphragm?

A

T12

29
Q

What level of rib does the right dome of the diaphragm lie at?

A

5th rib

30
Q

What level of rib does the left dome of the diaphragm lie at?

A

5th intercostal space

31
Q

What. Is the Costo-diaphragmatic recess?

A

Region which contains only parietal pleura which the lungs expand into when they fill with air

The angle between the body wall and the diaphragm

32
Q

Why is the pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes important?

A

The surface tension keeps the 2 pleural membranes connected keeping the chest wall and lungs connected

33
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

An area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and the accompying segmental branch of the pulmonary artery and is drained by a segmental pulmonary vein

34
Q

Describe the overall structure of the left lung:

A

2 lobes (upper and lower lobe)

2 lobes separated by oblique fissure

35
Q

Describe the overall structure of the right lung:

A

3 lobes (upper, middle and lower)

Oblique fissure separates the lower and middle lobe

Horizontal fissure septets upper and middle lobe

36
Q

What rib does the apex of both lungs extend above?

A

1st rib into the root of the neck

37
Q

What issues can arise as a result of tumours in the apex of the lungs and why?

A

Called Pancoast tumours

Apex closely related to subclavian vessels and brachial plexus

Tumours of apex can cause neurological and vascular damage to these vessels leading to issues in the upper limb

(Like if lower trunk of brachial plexus compressed get hypothenar muscle wastage)

38
Q

What is the danger of stab wounds to the lower neck and cannulation of the subclavian vein with respect to the lungs?

A

Can puncture lung causing leaking of air into pleural cavity

39
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Space between the 2 lungs

40
Q

What is on the left side with the left lung?

A

Heart
Arotic arch
Descending aorta
Oesophagus
Left phrenic, vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve

41
Q

What is the route that the left recurrent laryngeal takes?

A

Curves around arch of aorta to return back to the larynx and then the sympathetic trunk more posteriorly

42
Q

What is on the right side with the right lung?

A

Superior vena cava
Azygous vein
Right atrium
Oesophagus
Right phrenic, vagus and the sympathetic trunk

43
Q

What may happen as a result of phrenic nerve damage?

A

Paralysis of affected hemi diaphragm (breathlessness)

44
Q

What can happen as a result of damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles on that side causing vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness of voice

45
Q

How are the structures organised in the neurovascular bundles of the costal grooves? From superior to inferior

A

VAN

Intercostal vein
Intercostal Artery
Intercostal nerve

46
Q

Where are the lower lobes of both lungs mainly located?

A

Posteriorly

Resp (23 decks)

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