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Y2 - Resp > Lecture 2 - Resp Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Resp Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How does the respiratory system develop?

A

From the larynx caudally develops as a diverticulum from the pharynx

Many bifurcations

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2
Q

What is the bone called at the midline of the thorax?

A

Sternum

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3
Q

What joins the ribs to the sternum?

A

Costal cartilages

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4
Q

What are the gaps between ribs called?

A

Intercostal spaces

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5
Q

What do the ribs articulate with on the vertebra?

A

Facets

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6
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

Joint between the rib and transverse process

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7
Q

What doe the costotransverse join allow for?

A

Movement in the form of rotation and Flexion

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of movements of the chest wall in breathing?

A

Bucket handle movement

Pump handle movement

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9
Q

What is the bucket handle movement of the chest?

A

Lateral expansion of the ribs outwards and upwards increases vol in thorax

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10
Q

What is the pump handle movement of the chest?

A

Ribs move sternum out anteriorly increasing vol of thorax

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11
Q

How does inspiration and expiration differ on an x-ray?

A

On expiration diaphragm is 2 ribs higher and less black in lungs

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12
Q

What is needed to move air into the alveoli?

A

Alveolar pressure needs to be lower than the atmospheric pressure

So decreasing pressure in thorax draws air into lungs

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13
Q

What is the general origin of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior thoracic cavity

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14
Q

What are the 3 intercostal muscles from most superficial to deep?

A

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

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15
Q

How do the muscle fibres of the external intercostal muscle run?

What muscle also runs like this?

A

Runs inferomedially like external oblique

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16
Q

What is the action of the external intercostal muscle?

A

Pulls ribs up and out

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17
Q

How do the muscle fibres of the internal intercostal muscle run?

A

Infero posteriorly (lateral)
(Innermost intercostal muscle like this too

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18
Q

Which of the intercostal muscles is involved in forced expiration?

A

Internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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19
Q

With quiet breaths iis inspiration and expiration passive or active?

A

Inspiration = active
Expiration = passive

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20
Q

What are the 3 main structures that penetrate through the diaphragm?

A

Vena cava
Oesophagus
Aortic hiatus

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21
Q

What is the way to remeber the vertebral level which the vena cava, oesophagus and aortic hiatus breach the diaphragm?

A

Count the number of letters and that’s the number for the thoracic vertebra

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22
Q

What vertebral level does the vena cava breach the diaphragm?

A

V E N A C A V A

T8

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23
Q

What vertebral level does the oesophagus breach the diaphragm?

A

T10

24
Q

What vertebral level does the Aortic hiatus breach the diaphragm?

A

T12

25
Q

Why do people bend over after exercise?

A

They are hinging themselves so they can use Pectoralis major as an accessory muscle for expiration

26
Q

Where do the neurovascular bundles run that are associated with the ribs?

A

In the costal grooves of each rib

27
Q

What is contained in the neurovascular bundles of the ribs?

A

Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve

VAN

28
Q

What do the intercostal veins drain into?

A

Azygous

29
Q

What does the intercostal artery branch from?

A

Aorta

30
Q

When inserting a chest drain through the intercostals why must it always be inserted above the rib?

A

The neurovascular bundle is immediately inferior to the rib in the costal groove

31
Q

What is the intercostal nerve formed from?

A

All the thoracic spinal nerve roots

32
Q

What are some of the important veins in the azygous system?

A

Accessory hemizygous vein
Hemizyogous vein

33
Q

What does azygous mean?

A

Unpaired
There is not azygous artery to the veins

34
Q

What blood vessel receives the blood from the azygous system?

A

Superior Vena Cava

35
Q

What is the main nerve of the respiratory system?

A

Phrenic nerve

36
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5
C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

37
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

Motor and sensory to diaphragm

Sensory to pericardium

38
Q

What plexus forms the phrenic nerve?

A

Cervical plexus in neck

39
Q

Why can a gall stone lead to shoulder pain?

A

If a nerve like the phrenic nerve is irritated down there it can lead to pain in the Dermatome of the nerve roots (C3, C4, C5)

40
Q

Why do the lungs have lobes?

A

To help prevent spread of infection

41
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and the left lung have?

A

Right lung = 3 lobes

Left lung = 2 lobes

42
Q

What is the name of the separation between 2 lobes present in both lungs?

A

Oblique fissure

43
Q

What fissure is only present in the right lung between the superior lobe and middle lobe?

A

Horizontal fissure

44
Q

Why are inhaled items more likely to enter the right lung?

A

The R main bronchus is straighter than the left one

45
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The region between lungs

46
Q

Where is the plane that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

T3-T4

47
Q

If your listening to the back of the chest of the right lung, which lobe are you primarily listening to?

A

Inferior lobe

48
Q

What is present in the central hilum of the right lung?

A

Airway (most posterior)
Pulmonary artery branches ( mister superior)
Pulmonary vein branches ( most inferior)

49
Q

What is very prominent in the left lungs hilum?

A

Aorta

50
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure like compared to the atmosphere?

A

Always negative

51
Q

What is the Lower section of pleura called that doesn’t contain lung when the lung has expired air?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Fills with lung with inspiration

52
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

When he costodiaphragmatic recess fills with pathological fluid

53
Q

When can brachial arteries become very important?

A

If a pulmonary embolus blocks pulmonary artery to act as a back up blood supply

54
Q

For a healthy patient what should the ratio of their anterior posterior dimension to their transverse diameter be?

A

3:1

55
Q

What is barrel chest?

A

When the ratio of anterior to posterior dimension to the transverse diameter is 1:1

56
Q

How would a patients chest with emphysema appear?

Why does this appear like this?

How would it appear on an X-ray?

A

Barrel chest

Less elastin so less air gets expirated so lungs are hyper inflated

Lungs larger
Diaphragm flattens and crosses 8th rib rather than the 5th rib
Hypeinflated lung fields

57
Q

Why are the bronchioles narrowed in emphysema?

A

Less elastin, so alveoli have less radial traction since less elastic recoil so bronchioles don’t get pulled open as wide by alveoli

Y2 - Resp (23 decks)

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