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Y2 - Resp > Lecture 2 - Resp Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Resp Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How does the respiratory system develop?

A

From the larynx caudally develops as a diverticulum from the pharynx

Many bifurcations

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2
Q

What is the bone called at the midline of the thorax?

A

Sternum

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3
Q

What joins the ribs to the sternum?

A

Costal cartilages

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4
Q

What are the gaps between ribs called?

A

Intercostal spaces

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5
Q

What do the ribs articulate with on the vertebra?

A

Facets

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6
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

Joint between the rib and transverse process

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7
Q

What doe the costotransverse join allow for?

A

Movement in the form of rotation and Flexion

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of movements of the chest wall in breathing?

A

Bucket handle movement

Pump handle movement

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9
Q

What is the bucket handle movement of the chest?

A

Lateral expansion of the ribs outwards and upwards increases vol in thorax

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10
Q

What is the pump handle movement of the chest?

A

Ribs move sternum out anteriorly increasing vol of thorax

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11
Q

How does inspiration and expiration differ on an x-ray?

A

On expiration diaphragm is 2 ribs higher and less black in lungs

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12
Q

What is needed to move air into the alveoli?

A

Alveolar pressure needs to be lower than the atmospheric pressure

So decreasing pressure in thorax draws air into lungs

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13
Q

What is the general origin of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior thoracic cavity

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14
Q

What are the 3 intercostal muscles from most superficial to deep?

A

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

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15
Q

How do the muscle fibres of the external intercostal muscle run?

What muscle also runs like this?

A

Runs inferomedially like external oblique

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16
Q

What is the action of the external intercostal muscle?

A

Pulls ribs up and out

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17
Q

How do the muscle fibres of the internal intercostal muscle run?

A

Infero posteriorly (lateral)
(Innermost intercostal muscle like this too

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18
Q

Which of the intercostal muscles is involved in forced expiration?

A

Internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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19
Q

With quiet breaths iis inspiration and expiration passive or active?

A

Inspiration = active
Expiration = passive

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20
Q

What are the 3 main structures that penetrate through the diaphragm?

A

Vena cava
Oesophagus
Aortic hiatus

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21
Q

What is the way to remeber the vertebral level which the vena cava, oesophagus and aortic hiatus breach the diaphragm?

A

Count the number of letters and that’s the number for the thoracic vertebra

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22
Q

What vertebral level does the vena cava breach the diaphragm?

A

V E N A C A V A

T8

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23
Q

What vertebral level does the oesophagus breach the diaphragm?

24
Q

What vertebral level does the Aortic hiatus breach the diaphragm?

25
Why do people bend over after exercise?
They are hinging themselves so they can use Pectoralis major as an accessory muscle for expiration
26
Where do the neurovascular bundles run that are associated with the ribs?
In the costal grooves of each rib
27
What is contained in the neurovascular bundles of the ribs?
Intercostal vein Intercostal artery Intercostal nerve VAN
28
What do the intercostal veins drain into?
Azygous
29
What does the intercostal artery branch from?
Aorta
30
When inserting a chest drain through the intercostals why must it always be inserted above the rib?
The neurovascular bundle is immediately inferior to the rib in the costal groove
31
What is the intercostal nerve formed from?
All the thoracic spinal nerve roots
32
What are some of the important veins in the azygous system?
Accessory hemizygous vein Hemizyogous vein
33
What does azygous mean?
Unpaired There is not azygous artery to the veins
34
What blood vessel receives the blood from the azygous system?
Superior Vena Cava
35
What is the main nerve of the respiratory system?
Phrenic nerve
36
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
C3, C4, C5 C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
37
What does the phrenic nerve supply?
Motor and sensory to diaphragm Sensory to pericardium
38
What plexus forms the phrenic nerve?
Cervical plexus in neck
39
Why can a gall stone lead to shoulder pain?
If a nerve like the phrenic nerve is irritated down there it can lead to pain in the Dermatome of the nerve roots (C3, C4, C5)
40
Why do the lungs have lobes?
To help prevent spread of infection
41
How many lobes does the right lung have and the left lung have?
Right lung = 3 lobes Left lung = 2 lobes
42
What is the name of the separation between 2 lobes present in both lungs?
Oblique fissure
43
What fissure is only present in the right lung between the superior lobe and middle lobe?
Horizontal fissure
44
Why are inhaled items more likely to enter the right lung?
The R main bronchus is straighter than the left one
45
What is the mediastinum?
The region between lungs
46
Where is the plane that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?
T3-T4
47
If your listening to the back of the chest of the right lung, which lobe are you primarily listening to?
Inferior lobe
48
What is present in the central hilum of the right lung?
Airway (most posterior) Pulmonary artery branches ( mister superior) Pulmonary vein branches ( most inferior)
49
What is very prominent in the left lungs hilum?
Aorta
50
What is the intrapleural pressure like compared to the atmosphere?
Always negative
51
What is the Lower section of pleura called that doesn’t contain lung when the lung has expired air?
Costodiaphragmatic recess Fills with lung with inspiration
52
What is a pleural effusion?
When he costodiaphragmatic recess fills with pathological fluid
53
When can brachial arteries become very important?
If a pulmonary embolus blocks pulmonary artery to act as a back up blood supply
54
For a healthy patient what should the ratio of their anterior posterior dimension to their transverse diameter be?
3:1
55
What is barrel chest?
When the ratio of anterior to posterior dimension to the transverse diameter is 1:1
56
How would a patients chest with emphysema appear? Why does this appear like this? How would it appear on an X-ray?
Barrel chest Less elastin so less air gets expirated so lungs are hyper inflated Lungs larger Diaphragm flattens and crosses 8th rib rather than the 5th rib Hypeinflated lung fields
57
Why are the bronchioles narrowed in emphysema?
Less elastin, so alveoli have less radial traction since less elastic recoil so bronchioles don’t get pulled open as wide by alveoli

Y2 - Resp (23 decks)

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